Goole Fields Wind Farm, East Yorkshire: Construction Phase Bird Surveys Report to RWE Innogy Ltd

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1 Goole Fields Wind Farm, East Yorkshire: Report to RWE Innogy Ltd Steve Percival, Tracey Percival and Tom Lowe Ecology Consulting, Swallow Ridge Barn, Old Cassop, Durham DH6 4QB

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 3 WINTERING NON-BREEDING BIRD SURVEY METHODS... 3 WINTERING BIRD SURVEY RESULTS... 5 CONSERVATION EVALUATION OF WINTERING BIRD POPULATIONS BREEDING BIRD SURVEY METHODS BREEDING BIRD SURVEY RESULTS CONSERVATION EVALUATION OF BREEDING BIRDS PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE ORNITHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WIND FARM CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES... 33

3 INTRODUCTION 1. A bird monitoring programme has been agreed for the Goole Fields Wind Farm, to compare the bird distribution and abundance during the baseline studies (reported in the ES and Update Report, Percival et al. 2007) with that following construction of the wind farm. This will involve repeating the surveys undertaken to establish the pre-construction baseline, and an additional programme of collision monitoring. It comprises: Breeding Bird Surveys - Common Birds Census walkover mapping and species-specific nightjar and marsh harrier surveys, of the site plus a 500m buffer; Wintering Birds field count mapping of the site plus a 1km buffer; Vantage point surveys to quantify bird flight activity through and around the wind farm site to determine how the wind farm has affected local bird flight routes and activity; and Collision monitoring to compare the predicted collision mortality with that which actually occurs. 2. This report presents the results of the first year s bird surveys that have been undertaken as part of the construction phase monitoring programme, during the autumn/winter and the 2013 breeding season. 3. Construction works at the site commenced in January 2012 and the site infrastructure was completed in June No construction works took place on the southern row of turbines during May to August inclusive in order to avoid any possible effects on nightjars. Desnagging the electrical and civil works continued through to September 2013 and installation of a District Network Organiser (DNO) repeater station is ongoing. Two of the 16 wind turbines (turbines #3 and #8) were erected in early August 2013 and were operational in early September. There were no wind turbines erected or operational during the bird monitoring surveys reported here. 4. The other 14 wind turbines are due for installation during March-June 2014 and reinstatement of the Site should be complete by July Wintering Non-breeding Bird Survey Methods 5. The aim of the winter field survey work was to obtain data on the importance of the proposed wind farm site and its surrounds outside the breeding season, and on the flight lines and feeding areas of potentially sensitive species, including marsh harriers. 6. The surveys comprised (a) a field survey based on a simple look-see method, counting the bird numbers within a pre-defined survey area (Gilbert et al. 1998), and (b) a vantage point survey, monitoring bird flight activity to quantify movement rates across the survey area. The latter focussed on the area in which the proposed wind farm would be located, and included daytime movements and dawn/dusk roost flights.

4 7. Survey area: the wintering bird survey area was chosen to include all areas within the potential zone of ornithological influence of the proposed wind farm. This included the wind farm site, plus a 1km buffer around this where access/viewing was possible. This distance was chosen as it exceeds the greatest distance at which wintering birds have been shown in any reliable studies to be affected by existing wind farms; 600m (Percival 2005, Drewitt and Langston 2006). The survey area covered a total area of 10.9km 2. It is predominantly open arable farmland, with the southern edge including part of the old peat workings of Thorne Moors. 8. Field counts: this survey work comprised regular counts of the birds within the wintering bird survey area (covering the wind farm site and an additional buffer zone of 1km around that). Fourteen of these surveys were undertaken at approximately fortnightly intervals between September 2012 and March The counts were carried out as instantaneous counts, recording a snapshot of the birds present in each field at the time it was surveyed. One such count of each field was made each survey day, recording the numbers of all the key species present. Any additional records made outside this time were noted as supplementary records. These snapshot counts were organised to ensure that the full range of times of day were covered in each part of the survey area. The following species were recorded: All ducks, geese, swans, cormorants, herons, coot and grebes; All waders (including lapwing and golden plover); All birds of prey and owls; Large flocks (>100 birds) of other species (except woodpigeon and rook); Any other notable species. 9. As well as counting each species, the behaviour of each flock was also recorded, e.g. feeding/roosting. Birds in flight over-flying the field during the snapshot were also recorded, together with an estimate their height and direction. 10. Vantage point surveys: these were carried out to quantify the numbers that may be at risk of collision with the wind turbines, or that may be disrupted by the presence of the wind farm. A vantage point was selected to observe bird movements through the proposed wind farm site and its surrounds (at SE ). The vantage point survey methodology followed the same standard SNH-recommended survey method (Madders, in Whitfield et al. 2010) as used in the pre-construction surveys. That methodology was refined to record flight height estimates as accurately as possible rather than just summarising them to height classes. Target species for these surveys comprised marsh harrier, all other raptors, and waterfowl but any other species of conservation importance were also recorded. All target species flight lines were mapped, and the flight height of each flock recorded. When birds were observed over an extended period, estimates of flight height were recorded every minute. The activity during each flight (e.g. flying to roost, foraging) was also recorded. Overall a total of 61 hours of vantage point surveys were carried out, with the timing of these observations made to cover dawn/dusk roost flights as well as general daytime movements. 11. Habitat/crop mapping: mapping of the habitats and crop types available in the survey area was carried out during the first visit and then again at approximately 2-month intervals through the season, so that habitat availability could be determined and any changes during the study period taken into account.

5 12. Weather: weather conditions during all observations were recorded, and visits were made to cover a representative range of visibilities, wind speeds and directions (though avoiding extreme conditions where visibility is severely limited (i.e. fog, continuous heavy rain)). 13. Nocturnal survey: seven night surveys were carried out to provide additional information on bird activity in the survey area at night. During each night visit the fields around the potential wind farm site were surveyed using an image intensifier, using an infra-red lamp to assist viewing without disturbing the birds (Gillings 2003). The survey method was essentially the same as that used during the daylight field surveys, instantaneous counts of bird numbers in each field, recording also the behaviour of each flock seen and any flying birds. This covered a range of moon conditions, including bright moonlight under the full moon. Limitations to the visibility distance (usually up to 300m) and Health and Safety considerations meant that it was not possible to cover the whole survey area but the aim was rather to sample the wind farm site and any areas that might hold higher numbers of birds at night. A total of 18 points were surveyed on each visit, giving coverage of approximately 27% of the wintering bird survey area. Wintering Bird Survey Results Survey area Wintering Bird Total Counts and Conservation Importance 14. The wintering bird populations recorded within the survey area during the field surveys in September March 2013 are summarised in Table 1. The mean and peak counts for and are also given for comparison. The counts recorded during each survey visit are given in Table 2. This gives the raw count total for each species made during the field/sector counts during each visit. Table 1. Wintering bird populations recorded in the Goole Fields survey area field counts during October 2006 March 2007 (n=14 surveys), and for and Species Mean count Peak count Whooper Swan Pink-footed Goose Greylag Goose Canada Goose Shelduck Wigeon Teal Mallard Tufted Duck Little Grebe Cormorant Grey Heron Marsh Harrier Hen Harrier Sparrowhawk Buzzard Kestrel Merlin

6 Species Mean count Peak count Peregrine Common Crane Golden Plover Lapwing Dunlin Ruff Jack Snipe Snipe Woodcock Curlew Common Gull Lesser Black-backed Gull Yellow-legged Gull Caspian Gull Herring Gull Great Black-backed Gull Black-headed Gull Barn Owl Tawny Owl Starling Species in italics seen over-flying only.

7 Table 2. Wintering bird populations in the Goole Fields wintering bird survey area, : field count totals for each visit. Note: the table includes all waterfowl and birds of prey, plus other abundant species (occurring in >100 individuals) and species of conservation importance. Species 12/09/ /09/ /10/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /02/ /03/ /03/2013 Whooper Swan Pink-footed Goose Greylag Goose Canada Goose Shelduck Wigeon Teal Mallard Tufted Duck Little Grebe Cormorant Grey Heron Marsh Harrier Hen Harrier Sparrowhawk Buzzard Kestrel Merlin Peregrine Common Crane Golden Plover Lapwing Dunlin Jack Snipe Snipe Woodcock

8 Species 12/09/ /09/ /10/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /02/ /03/ /03/2013 Common Gull Lesser Blackbacked Gull Yellow-legged Gull Caspian Gull Herring Gull Great Black-backed Gull Black-headed Gull Tawny Owl Starling 600

9 Bird Flight Rates over the Potential Wind Farm Site 15. The observed bird flight rates over the potential wind farm site are summarised in Table 3, which gives the mean over-flying rate per hour over the September 2012 March 2013 survey period. This includes all the observations of birds (of the species noted in the methods section above) flying over the proposed wind farm site and its surrounds. The flight rates observed during the and surveys are also given for comparison. Table 4 gives the over-flying totals observed during each survey visit. 16. The Table also gives the percentage of flights of each species that were recorded at rotor height (taken conservatively as m above ground level to allow for errors in flight height estimation; the actual rotor height will be about m). Table 3. Bird flight rates recorded over the Goole Fields wintering bird survey area during September 2012 March 2013 vantage point surveys. N = 61 hours total observation from the single vantage point. Flight rates for and are also given. Species Flight rate (no/hr) Total no. of flights recorded % flocks at rotor height Flight rate (no/hr) Flight rate (no/hr) Mute Swan % Whooper Swan % Pink-footed Goose % Greylag Goose % Canada Goose % 0 0 Barnacle Goose % 0 0 Shelduck % Wigeon % 0 0 Teal % Mallard % Tufted Duck % 0 0 Cormorant % Grey Heron % Honey-buzzard % 0 0 Marsh Harrier % Hen Harrier % 0 <0.1 Sparrowhawk % Buzzard % Kestrel % Merlin % 0 0 Hobby % 0 0 Peregrine % Common Crane % 0 0 Oystercatcher % 0 0 Golden Plover % Lapwing % Dunlin % 0 0 Snipe % Curlew Common Gull %

10 Species Flight rate (no/hr) Total no. of flights recorded % flocks at rotor height Flight rate (no/hr) Flight rate (no/hr) Lesser Black-backed Gull % Yellow-legged Gull % 0 0 Herring Gull % Great Black-backed Gull % Black-headed Gull % Barn Owl % 0 0.1

11 Table 4. Species Wintering bird over-flying counts through the Goole Fields wintering bird survey area, : totals for each visit. Note: the table includes all waterfowl and birds of prey, plus other abundant species (occurring in >100 individuals) and species of conservation importance. 12/09/ /09/ /09/ /10/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /02/ /03/ /03/ /03/2013 Mute Swan Whooper Swan Pink-footed Goose Greylag Goose Canada Goose Barnacle Goose Shelduck Wigeon Teal Mallard Tufted Duck Cormorant Grey Heron Honey-buzzard Marsh Harrier Hen Harrier Sparrowhawk Buzzard Kestrel Merlin Hobby Peregrine Common Crane Oystercatcher Golden Plover Lapwing

12 Species 12/09/ /09/ /09/ /10/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /02/ /03/ /03/ /03/2013 Dunlin Snipe Common Gull Lesser Black-backed Gull Yellow-legged Gull Herring Gull Great Black-backed Gull Black-headed Gull Barn Owl

13 Night Surveys 17. A total of seven night surveys were undertaken during The target species recorded are summarised in Table 5a. The data from the night surveys is given in Table 5b for comparison. The species found active feeding at night most frequently was golden plover, as in the surveys. Other SPA species seen at night included teal and mallard, but only in very small numbers. Table 5a. Target species totals from the night surveys, September March Species 25/09/12 10/10/12 15/11/12 11/12/12 09/01/13 04/02/13 11/03/13 Greylag Goose Teal Mallard Common Crane Golden Plover Lapwing Woodcock Little Owl Tawny Owl Short-eared Owl Table 5b. Target species totals from the night surveys, October March Species 19/10/06 06/12/06 19/12/06 30/01/07 28/02/07 28/03/07 Shelduck Mallard Golden plover Lapwing Snipe Woodcock Barn owl Tawny owl Habitats/crop availability within the survey area 18. The survey area was predominantly arable farmland. The areas of each of the main crop/habitat types is summarised in Table 6. Winter cereals were the more widespread crops, with potatoes, sugar beet and rape also grown.

14 Table 6. Areas of crop/habitat types within the Goole Fields wintering bird survey area, September 2012 March Crop/ habitat Sep 2012 Area (km 2 ) % survey area Nov 2012 Area (km 2 ) % survey area Jan 2013 Area (km 2 ) % survey area Mar 2013 Area (km 2 ) % survey area Winter cereal 0 0% % % % Rape 0 0% % % % Potatoes % 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Sugar beet % % % 0 0% Harvested sugar beet 0 0% 0 0% % % Rape stubble % 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Stubble % % % % Plough % % % % Till % % % % Minimum tillage % % % % Willow (biomass) % % % % Trees % % % % Peatland % % % % (moor) Reservoir % % % % Conservation Evaluation of Wintering Bird Populations 19. The sensitivity of the non-breeding bird populations was determined using the criteria specified in Table 7 (from Percival 2007). This includes the criteria adopted by English Nature in Guidelines for Selection of Biological SSSIs (JNCC 1995), using 1% of the resource to define international and national importance (Austin et al. 2014). An additional category of regional importance was assigned for species approaching the threshold for national importance and those for which the survey area held a notable concentration in a county context. A further category of local importance was used for species that did not reach regional importance but were still of some ecological value. This included all species on the red or amber lists of the Birds of Conservation Concern (Eaton et al. 2009) that did not reach national or regional importance at the development site. National (GB) and International wintering waterfowl baseline populations have been taken from the most recently published population figures (Austin et al. 2014) from the national Wetland Birds Survey. The national breeding bird populations were taken from Musgrove et al. (2013). In addition listing on Annex 1 of the EU Birds Directive, Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside, UK Biodiversity Action Plan [BAP] priority species and local BAP species were all considered in the evaluation process.

15 Table 7. Sensitivity VERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW Definition of terms relating to the sensitivity of the ecological components of the site. Definition Cited interest of SPAs, SACs and SSSIs. Cited means mentioned in the citation text for the site as a species for which the site is designated (SPAs/SACs) or notified (SSSIs). Other species that contribute to the integrity of an SPA or SSSI. A local population of more than 1% of the national population of a species. EU Birds Directive Annex 1, EU Habitats Directive priority habitat/species and/or W&C Act Schedule 1 species. Ecologically sensitive species, e.g. large birds of prey or rare birds (<300 breeding pairs in the UK). Regionally important population of a species, either because of population size or distributional context. UK BAP priority species (if not covered above). Any other species of conservation interest, e.g. species listed on the Birds of Conservation Concern not covered above. Local BAP species (if not covered above). 20. The conservation value of the non-breeding bird populations observed at Goole Fields during all of the surveys to date has been summarised in Table 8. This included: Thirteen very high sensitivity species (Humber SPA qualifying/assemblage species), three of which (shelduck, wigeon and dunlin) were seen within the potential impact zone of the wind farm for the first time in (though numbers of all of these were very small in the context of their SPA populations); Five high sensitivity species (through their listing on Annex 1 of the Birds Directive and/or Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act). One of these, common crane,was seen for the first time in ; Four medium sensitivity (three present in regionally important numbers and one, grey partridge a UK BAP priority species); and Eight low sensitivity species, three of which seen for the first time in (tufted duck, woodcock and great black-backed gull). Table 8. Species Conservation evaluation of the non-breeding bird populations at Goole Fields. Note: Table includes all species of low or higher sensitivity. Italics over-flying only, not using the survey area. SPA species: = qualifying species, A = assemblage species. Species in red recorded for the first time in Peak count <600m Peak count <600m Peak count <600m SPA species >1% regional population (survey area) EU Birds Directive Annex 1 W and C Act Schedule 1 Red [R]/ Amber [A] List Sensitivity Mute swan A Low Whooper swan A High Pink-footed Very high A goose * Shelduck A Very high Wigeon A A Very high Teal A A Very high Mallard A Very high

16 Species Peak count <600m Peak count <600m Peak count <600m SPA species >1% regional population (survey area) EU Birds Directive Annex 1 W and C Act Schedule 1 Red [R]/ Amber [A] List Sensitivity Tufted Duck A Low Grey partridge R Medium Cormorant A A Very high Marsh harrier A Very high Hen harrier A Very high Kestrel A Low Merlin A High Peregrine A High Common Crane A High Golden plover A Very high Lapwing A A Very high Dunlin A Very high Ruff R Very high Snipe A Low Woodcock A Low Curlew A A Very high Common gull A Medium Lesser blackbacked gull A Low Yellowlegged Gull A Low Herring gull A Medium Great Blackbacked Gull A Low Black-headed gull A Medium Barn owl A High Starling R Low * on basis of current numbers recorded on the SPA not mentioned though on SPA Review citation as qualifying or assemblage species. UK BAP priority species. Pink-footed geese 21. Pink-footed goose is not specifically listed on the SPA review citation for the Humber Estuary as either a qualifying or an assemblage species, though the numbers recorded there recently are sufficient to reach the threshold for a qualifying species. Recent counts on the SPA suggest that the pink-footed goose population has returned to international importance, with 7,200 counted there during the October 2012 survey (Mitchell 2013). The threshold for international importance (and hence qualifying as an SPA population) is currently 3,500. Therefore for the assessment presented here it has been treated as a very high sensitivity SPA species. The only records of this species during the winter survey were of over-flying flocks (Figure 1), with no records of any birds on the ground within the survey area. No

17 Mallard particular flight corridors were noted but numbers overall were higher than in the previous surveys. 22. Higher numbers of this SPA assemblage species were recorded in than in the previous winter s surveys, largely as a result of extensive flooding in this winter, increasing its habitat availability. It distribution and flight lines are shown in Figure 2. Marsh harrier 23. A higher level of marsh harrier flight activity was observed in compared with the previous winter surveys. A total of 64 flights were recorded, giving a total observation time of 6.2 hours in 61 hours vantage point surveys. This is equivalent to an occupancy rate within the whole survey area of 10% (i.e. marsh harriers were observed for 10% of the total observation time), compared with 1.5% occupancy recorded in The flights were widely scattered across the survey area (Figure 3). Common Crane 24. This species had not been recorded in the previous surveys but was seen on several occasions during It has recently colonised the Thorne and Hatfield Moors and a small breeding population has become established (Holling et al. 2013), and it is likely that the birds observed were from that population. Up to 4 birds were seen (Figure 4). Golden Plover 25. The peak ground count of golden plover (252) was lower than that recorded in but higher than in Its peak count was still very small (0.9%) in relation to the most recently published SPA 5-year mean peak (28,959, Austin et al. 2014). The distribution of golden plover flocks and flight activity are summarised in Figure 5. Both flight activity and flocks on the ground were widely scattered over the survey area with no particular concentrations or preferred areas, as in previous winters. Lapwing 26. Lower numbers of lapwings were recorded in (peak ground count of only 13) than in (90) or in (284). The distribution of lapwing flocks and flight activity are summarised in Figure 6. As for golden plover, both flight activity and flocks on the ground were widely scattered over the survey area with no particular concentrations or preferred areas. Other SPA species 27. A further six SPA species were observed during the winter surveys; cormorant, shelduck, wigeon, teal, hen harrier and dunlin.

18 28. Hen harrier flight activity within the survey area was very low. The flights observed are shown in Figure 7. With such low activity in the survey area this species would not be significantly affected by the wind farm. 29. The other SPA species that were recorded within the survey area were seen in very small numbers in the context of their SPA populations. None would therefore be significantly affected by the proposed wind farm. Other species 30. Three additional high sensitivity species were recorded during the winter surveys; merlin, peregrine and barn owl. The numbers of sightings of these was, however, low. Their flight lines observed during the VP surveys are shown in Figure 7. The only other species seen in important number (sufficient to be classed as regionally important) were black-headed gull and common gull. Breeding Bird Survey Methods Breeding Bird Survey 31. The breeding bird survey method followed the standard principles of the Common Birds Census; a walkover survey mapping all of the birds encountered (to 1:10,000 scale), recording their behaviour and location using the standard Common Birds Census notation. All species were recorded. As in previous years three survey visits were made, the first on 18/19 April, the second on 20 May and the last visit on 16/17 June The surveys were carried out throughout daylight hours, avoiding strong winds, heavy rain, fog and low cloud. Birds were located by walking, listening and scanning by eye and with binoculars. Marsh Harrier Survey 32. Previous breeding surveys did not find any evidence of marsh harriers breeding in the survey area, nor any other evidence that the site was important for this species. It is possible that the survey area could be used by breeding marsh harriers linked to the Humber Estuary SPA, so specific surveys for this species were undertaken, following the standard marsh harrier survey methodology (Gilbert et al. 1998, Hardey et al. 2009). In addition a programme of vantage point surveys were undertaken to quantify their flight activity over the survey area. Vantage Point Surveys 33. Vantage point surveys were carried out during April August 2013 to quantify the numbers at that time of year that may be at risk of collision with the wind turbines, or that may be disrupted by the presence of the wind farm. The same survey methodology and vantage point (at SE ) were used as for the winter vantage point surveys (see above). Overall a total of 45 hours of flight observations were obtained from the single vantage point during this period (9 hours per month).

19 Nightjar Survey 34. The nightjar surveys followed the standard nightjar survey technique, at dawn and dusk to identify the location of churring males (Gilbert et al. 1998). The surveys focussed on the suitable nightjar habitat (i.e. the fringe of the moors on the southern edge of the survey area) and extended up to 2km from the wind turbines. 35. A total of five surveys were carried out from June through to mid-july. All records of nightjars made during the surveys were noted and where flying birds were seen their flight height estimated. All nightjars encountered were mapped and their behaviour noted as per the standard BTO Common Birds Census activity codes. Surveys were undertaken in good surveying conditions, i.e. as calm as possible and without any rain. 36. In addition specific surveys were undertaken to investigate nightjar use of the wind farm site, looking at both their feeding behaviour and flight paths. This was achieved through vantage point surveys carried out at dawn and dusk during June- September, using an image-intensifier to assist viewing in darkness (as undertaken during the baseline surveys), to give the coverage recommended in current SNH guidance (Whitfield et al. 2010) for this species (25 hours). Breeding Bird Survey Results Breeding Bird Survey 37. The survey data were used to obtain population estimates for all of the bird species breeding within the survey area (Table 9). Maps were produced of the breeding pairs recorded during each visit and these were combined to produce an estimate of the overall breeding population for each species. Pairs were considered separate from each other if greater than 1km (waterfowl and raptors), 500m (pigeons, gamebirds and crows) or 200m (all other species) apart, with this distance reflecting the relative distance that birds might move between survey visits. A record in potentially suitable breeding habitat on a single visit was considered sufficient to indicate a potential breeding attempt. Data are also given for 2001 and 2007 for comparison. The 2007 survey did not cover the full survey area but data were available from 2008 for the missing area (to the west of the wind farm site) to cover this data gap (and have been incorporated into the results presented here). Table 9. Breeding bird population estimates at Goole Fields, 2001, 2007 and Species Estimated number of breeding pairs in 2001 Estimated number of breeding pairs in 2007/08 Estimated number of breeding pairs in 2013 Greylag Goose Shelduck Mallard Tufted Duck Goosander Red-legged Partridge Grey Partridge 2 4 6

20 Species Estimated number of breeding pairs in 2001 Estimated number of breeding pairs in 2007/08 Estimated number of breeding pairs in 2013 Quail Pheasant Sparrowhawk Buzzard Kestrel Moorhen Lapwing Snipe Stock Dove Woodpigeon Cuckoo Barn Owl Little Owl Tawny Owl Skylark Swallow Meadow Pipit Yellow Wagtail Pied Wagtail Wren Dunnock Robin Blackbird Song Thrush Mistle Thrush Grasshopper Warbler Sedge Warbler Reed Warbler Blackcap Garden Warbler Whitethroat Chiffchaff Willow Warbler Long-tailed Tit Blue Tit Great Tit Treecreeper Magpie Carrion Crow House Sparrow Tree Sparrow Chaffinch Greenfinch Goldfinch Linnet Lesser Redpoll Bullfinch Yellowhammer Reed Bunting Corn Bunting

21 38. Other species recorded over-flying the survey area in 2013 but not breeding included teal, marsh harrier, peregrine, hobby, golden plover, curlew, herring gull, great black-backed gull, black-headed gull, swift, sand martin and house martin. 39. The distributions of the breeding birds within the survey area are shown on Figures 8 to 19. The more abundant species (i.e. 10 or more breeding pairs) have been presented separately for clarity. Distribution patterns were generally similar to those found in 2001 and Mallard (Figure 8) were widely scattered over much of the survey area but particularly along its northern and western edges. Lapwing (Figure 9) were found mainly in the southern part of the survey area, including in proximity to the wind farm construction works. Stock Dove (Figure 10) were associated with areas of tree/hedge cover, and were widely distributed over the survey area. Skylark (Figure 11) was the most abundant species, being found throughout the survey area. Meadow pipit (Figure 12) was not as numerous as skylark but had a similar widespread distribution. Yellow wagtail (Figure 13) was another widely distributed species over all of the survey area. Whitethroat (Figure 14) were widely scattered over most of the survey area, associated mainly with hedge/scrub habitats. Willow warblers (Figure 15) were restricted to the more wooded habitat along the moor edge in the southern part of the survey area. Linnet (Figure 16) were scattered across most of the survey area. Reed buntings (Figure 17) were abundant over most of the survey area, though were more frequent in the central/eastern part. Corn buntings (Figure 18) were found mostly in the northern part of the survey area. 40. Of the less abundant species (Figure 19), most were mainly located on the moor edge and around farm buildings. Overall there were no notable concentrations of breeding birds seen anywhere within the survey area and particularly within the farmland, as was found in the pre-construction surveys in 2001 and Marsh harriers 41. No marsh harriers were found breeding but there were regular records of bird seen over-flying and a higher level of flight activity observed over the wind farm and over

22 Nightjars the moors to the south of the wind farm. The total observation time was 7.5 hours in 45 hours vantage point surveys during April-August This is equivalent to an occupancy rate within the whole survey area of 17% (i.e. marsh harriers were observed for 17% of the total observation time) (a major increase over the 0.6% occupancy recorded in 2007These flights were distributed widely over all of the survey area (Figure 20), including through the wind farm site. 42. Nightjar was identified in the ES as the breeding species of greatest conservation importance in the survey area. Three pairs were found on Goole Moors along the southern edge of the survey area in 2001 and nine pairs there in As this species is one of the qualifying features for the Thorne and Hatfield Moors SPA, it was classed as very high sensitivity. 43. A total of nine churring 1 nightjars were heard on the southern edge of the survey area (see Figure 21), with the closest 640m from the nearest proposed wind turbine. As in the previous years surveys, no nightjars were observed over-flying the proposed wind farm site or its surrounds during any of the surveys. Vantage Point Survey Results 44. The observed bird flight rates over the wind farm site are summarised in Table 10, which gives the mean over-flying rate per hour over the April-August 2013 survey period. This includes all the observations of birds (of the species noted in the methods section above) flying over the proposed wind farm site and its surrounds. Data from 2007 are also given for comparison (breeding season VP surveys were not carried out in 2001). Table 11 gives the over-flying totals observed during each 2013 survey visit. 45. The Table also gives the percentage of flights of each species that were recorded at rotor height (taken conservatively as m above ground level to allow for errors in flight height estimation; the actual rotor height will be about m). Table 10. Bird flight rates recorded over the Goole Fields breeding bird survey area during April-August 2013 vantage point surveys. N = 45 hours total observation from the single vantage point. Species Flight rate (no/hr) 2007 Flight rate (no/hr) 2013 Total no. of flights recorded 2013 % flocks at rotor height 2013 Mute Swan % Greylag Goose % Canada Goose % Shelduck % Gadwall Mallard % Tufted Duck % Cormorant % Little Egret Grey Heron % 1 Churring is the low repetitive display song made by male nightjars.

23 Species Flight rate (no/hr) 2007 Flight rate (no/hr) 2013 Total no. of flights recorded 2013 % flocks at rotor height 2013 Marsh Harrier % Sparrowhawk % Buzzard % Kestrel % Merlin % Hobby % Peregrine Common Crane % Oystercatcher Golden Plover % Lapwing % Snipe % Whimbrel % Curlew % Green Sandpiper % Redshank Common Gull % Lesser Black-backed Gull % Yellow-legged Gull % Herring Gull % Great Black-backed Gull % Black-headed Gull % Common Tern % Barn Owl Flight activity recorded in the 2013 breeding season was generally at a similarly low level to that recorded in 2007, though did include a higher level of activity of marsh harriers and common cranes.

24 Table 11. Breeding bird over-flying counts through the Goole Fields wintering bird survey area, 2013: totals for each visit. Note: the table includes all waterfowl and birds of prey, plus other abundant species (occurring in >100 individuals) and species of conservation importance. 03/04/ /04/ /04/ /04/ /05/ /05/2013 Species Mute Swan Greylag Goose Canada Goose Shelduck Mallard Tufted Duck Cormorant Grey Heron Marsh Harrier Sparrowhawk Buzzard Kestrel Merlin Hobby Common Crane Golden Plover Lapwing Snipe Whimbrel Curlew Green Sandpiper Common Gull Lesser Black-backed Gull /05/ /06/ /06/ /06/ /07/ /07/ /08/ /08/ /08/2013

25 03/04/ /04/ /04/ /04/ /05/ /05/2013 Species Yellow-legged Gull Herring Gull Great Black-backed Gull Black-headed Gull Common Tern /05/ /06/ /06/ /06/ /07/ /07/ /08/ /08/ /08/2013

26 Conservation Evaluation of Breeding Birds 47. The conservation importance of the bird populations using the survey area during the breeding season is summarised in Table 12. This Table includes all the species noted during the surveys that have low or greater sensitivity. Additional species that were only observed over-flying the survey area, or that could potentially breed there, have also been included. Table 12. Conservation evaluation of the breeding bird populations at Goole Fields. Species in red found breeding in survey area in 2013 but not in 2001 or Species >1% regional population Breeding species: Breeding pairs within 300m 2001 Breeding pairs within 300m 2007 Breeding pairs within 300m 2013 EU Birds Directive Annex 1 W and C Act Schedule 1 Red[R]/ Amber [A] List UK BAP priority species Sensitivity Greylag Goose A Low Shelduck A Low Mallard A Low Tufted Duck A Low Kestrel A Low Quail A High Grey Partridge R Medium Lapwing A Low Snipe A Low Nightjar R Very high Stock Dove A Low Cuckoo R Medium Barn owl A High Swallow A Low Skylark R Medium Yellow Wagtail A Low Meadow Pipit A Low Dunnock A Low Song Thrush R Medium Mistle Thrush A Low Grasshopper R Medium Warbler Whitethroat A Low Willow A Low Warbler House sparrow R Low Tree Sparrow R Medium Linnet R Medium Lesser Redpoll R Medium Bullfinch R Medium Yellowhammer R Low

27 Species >1% regional population EU Birds Directive Annex 1 W and C Act Schedule 1 Red[R]/ Amber [A] List UK BAP priority species Sensitivity Reed Bunting R Medium Corn Bunting R Medium Additional non-breeding species Marsh harrier A Very high Merlin A High Hobby High Peregrine A High Common A High Crane Golden Plover A Very high Whimbrel A Very high Curlew A Very high Green A Low Sandpiper Common gull A Low Lesser blackbacked A Low gull Yellow-legged A Low Gull Herring Gull R Medium Great Blackbacked A Low Gull Black-headed Gull A Low Common Tern A High 48. Overall the breeding bird community was similar in 2013 in its composition to that recorded in 2001 and 2007, though with an additional nine species of conservation importance recorded breeding in 2013 that had not been recorded breeding there previously; quail and barn owl (high sensitivity), cuckoo, tree sparrow, lesser redpoll and bullfinch (medium sensitivity) and greylag goose, tufted duck and snipe (low sensitivity). 49. A number of additional non-breeding species were also recorded during the 2013 surveys, the most notable of which was common crane. Up to four individuals of this species were recorded, which were probably birds from the small breeding population that has recently become established on Thorne and Hatfield Moors (Holling et al. 2013). Preliminary Assessment of the Ornithological Effects of the Construction of the Wind Farm 50. This section of the report presents an initial examination of the bird population changes in proximity to the wind farm for any evidence of any disturbance effects. It forms a preliminary analysis of the effects of the construction of the site infrastructure. No turbine installation works were undertaken during the surveys presented in this report. No

28 construction works took place on the southern row of turbines during May to August inclusive in order to avoid any possible effects on nightjars. Full statistical analysis of the whole of construction phase will be included in the second year s monitoring report when construction has been completed. Effects on Autumn/Wintering Birds 51. The assessment of the effects of the wind farm used a precautionary zone of 600m around the wind turbines for wintering birds, so that same zone has been used in the preliminary analysis presented here. Table 13 presents the mean and peak ground counts of birds within the 600m buffer around the wind turbines in each survey year. There were several species that showed a considerable increase in numbers in the construction year, including greylag goose, mallard and several gull species. This is likely to have been a result of more flooding that occurred in that winter, providing these birds with more wetland habitat in that zone. Further analysis to examine this hypothesis will be included in the second year s construction phase report. Marsh harriers also showed considerably increased activity in From this initial analysis there was no clear evidence of any declines in bird abundance within this 600m zone during the construction works. Table 13. Comparison of wintering bird numbers within the 600m potential disturbance zone during the pre-construction ( and ) and construction phase ( ) surveys. Mean count Peak count Species Whooper Swan Greylag Goose Canada Goose Shelduck Wigeon Teal Mallard Tufted Duck Little Grebe Cormorant Grey Heron Marsh Harrier Hen Harrier Sparrowhawk Buzzard Kestrel Merlin Peregrine Common Crane Golden Plover Lapwing Dunlin Jack Snipe Snipe Woodcock Curlew Common Gull Lesser Black-backed Gull

29 Mean count Peak count Species Yellow-legged Gull Caspian Gull Herring Gull Great Black-backed Gull Black-headed Gull Barn Owl Effects on Breeding Birds 52. The ES and assessment update (Percival et al. 2007) identified two key bird species using the survey area in the breeding season, nightjar and marsh harrier. Specific design and mitigation measures were implemented for nightjars to avoid the possibility of any likely significant effect on the Thorne and Hatfield Moors SPA population, with no turbines located within 400m of the SPA and no construction activity on the southern row of turbines (closest to the SPA) during the May-August nightjar breeding season. The surveys have shown that these measures have been effective, with the nightjar population in 2013 during the construction being the same as that in the 2008 pre-construction surveys and higher than that recorded in There was no evidence of any adverse effect of the construction works to date on this species. 53. Activity of the second of these key species, marsh harrier, was considerably increased in the 2013 construction phase surveys, with that increase in use in line with an increasing regional population (Holling et al. 2013). Preliminary examination of the patterns of marsh harrier flight activity (Figures 3 and 20) did not suggest any effects of the construction works on this species. 54. The assessment of the effects of the wind farm on the breeding bird populations used precautionary zones of 300m and 500m around the wind turbines, so those same zones have been used in the preliminary analysis presented here. Table 14 summarises the numbers of birds recorded breeding within 300m of the wind turbines, the zone m from the turbines and in the wider area more than 500m from any construction activities, in each of the three survey years. Table 15 presents the same results but for the bird densities (standardising for the different areas of each of the three zones). Table 14. Breeding bird populations (estimated numbers of breeding pairs) in the wind turbine 300m buffer, m from the wind turbines and in the zone more than 500m from the wind turbines during the pre-construction (2001 and 2007) and construction phase (2013) surveys. Wind farm - 300m m >500m Species / / / Greylag Goose Shelduck Mallard Tufted Duck Goosander Red-legged Partridge Grey Partridge

30 Wind farm - 300m m >500m Species / / / Quail Pheasant Red Kite Sparrowhawk Buzzard Kestrel Moorhen Lapwing Snipe Stock Dove Woodpigeon Cuckoo Barn Owl Little Owl Tawny Owl Nightjar Skylark Swallow Meadow Pipit Yellow Wagtail Pied Wagtail Wren Dunnock Robin Wheatear Blackbird Song Thrush Mistle Thrush Grasshopper Warbler Sedge Warbler Reed Warbler Blackcap Garden Warbler Whitethroat Chiffchaff Willow Warbler Long-tailed Tit Blue Tit Great Tit Treecreeper Magpie Carrion Crow House Sparrow Tree Sparrow Chaffinch Greenfinch Goldfinch Linnet Lesser Redpoll

31 Wind farm - 300m m >500m Species / / / Bullfinch Yellowhammer Reed Bunting Corn Bunting Table 15. Breeding bird densities in the wind turbine 300m buffer, m from the wind turbines and in the zone more than 500m from the wind turbines during the pre-construction (2001 and 2007) and construction phase (2013) surveys. Wind farm - 300m m >500m Species / / / Greylag Goose Shelduck Mallard Tufted Duck Goosander Red-legged Partridge Grey Partridge Quail Pheasant Red Kite Sparrowhawk Buzzard Kestrel Moorhen Lapwing Snipe Stock Dove Woodpigeon Cuckoo Barn Owl Little Owl Tawny Owl Nightjar Skylark Swallow Meadow Pipit Yellow Wagtail Pied Wagtail Wren Dunnock Robin Wheatear Blackbird Song Thrush Mistle Thrush Grasshopper Warbler Sedge Warbler

32 Wind farm - 300m m >500m Species / / / Reed Warbler Blackcap Garden Warbler Whitethroat Chiffchaff Willow Warbler Long-tailed Tit Blue Tit Great Tit Treecreeper Magpie Carrion Crow House Sparrow Tree Sparrow Chaffinch Greenfinch Goldfinch Linnet Lesser Redpoll Bullfinch Yellowhammer Reed Bunting Corn Bunting Comparison of the breeding populations recorded during the construction with those from earlier surveys generally suggests that there has been little effect resulting from the construction works over this period. Most breeding populations have been maintained in 2013, even in close proximity to the wind farm. Some species did show a reduced density in the zone closest to the construction works in comparison with elsewhere, suggestive of a partial displacement, particularly meadow pipit, whitethroat and reed bunting, but it is likely that cropping patterns may have also contributed to the observed differences (which will be investigated further when all of the construction phase surveys have been completed). Overall though these differences were generally minor even in a local context. Conclusions 56. The preliminary analysis of the construction phase surveys in 2012 and 2013 indicates that the effects of the construction works at the Goole Fields wind farm to date on the local bird populations have been minor, with no indication of any effects that could be potentially significant. The mitigation measures for nightjar (with no turbines within 400m of their habitat and restriction of construction activities on the southern row of turbines during May- August) have been successful in avoiding any effects on that species. Several important bird populations showed an increase during the construction phase surveys, probably as a result of increased wetland habitat through flooding at that time and in line with wider regional increases.

33 REFERENCES Austin, G.E., Read, W.J., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Musgrove, A.J., Skellorn, W., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Holt, C.A Waterbirds in the UK 2011/12: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO/RSPB/JNCC, Thetford Drewitt, A.L. and Langston, R.H.W Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. Ibis 148, Eaton, M.A., Brown, A.F., Noble, D.G., Musgrove, A., Hearn, R.D., Aebischer, N., Gibbons, D.W., Evans A. and Gregory, R.D Birds of Conservation Concern 3: the population status of birds in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man. British Birds 102: Gilbert, G., D. W. Gibbons, and J. Evans Bird Monitoring Methods: a manual of techniques for key UK species. RSPB /BTO/WWT/JNCC/ITE/The Seabird Group. Gillings, S Diurnal and nocturnal ecology of golden plovers and lapwings wintering on arable farmland. PhD. University of East Anglia., Norwich. Hardey, J., H. Q. P. Crick, C. V. Wernham, H. T. Riley, B. Etheridge, and D. B. A. Thompson Raptors: a field guide to survey and monitoring. The Stationary Office Ltd, Edinburgh. Second Edition. Holling, M. and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in British Birds 106, JNCC Guidelines for the selection of biological SSSIs. JNCC, Peterborough. Mitchell, C Status and distribution of Icelandic-breeding geese: results of the 2012 international census. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Report, Slimbridge. Musgrove, A., Aebischer, N., Eaton, M., Hearn, R., Newson, S., Noble, D., Parsons, M., Risely, K. and Stroud, D Population estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom. British Birds, 106, Percival, S. M Birds and wind farms: what are the real issues? British Birds 98: Percival, S.M Predicting the effects of wind farms on birds in the UK: the development of an objective assessment methodology. Birds and Wind Farms: risk assessment and mitigation (ed. M. de Lucas, Janss, G.F.E. and Ferrer, M.). Quercus, Madrid. Percival, S.M., Percival, T., Lowe, T., Hoit, M. and Langdon, K Goole Fields Proposed Wind Farm, East Yorkshire : Bird surveys Report to npower renewables Ltd. Whitfield, P., R. Bullman, and W. Band Survey methods for use in assessing the impacts of onshore wind farms on bird communities. Scottish Natural Heritage.

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