ADDITIONAL BROLGA ASSESSMENT

Transcription

1 DUNDONNELL WIND FARM ADDITIONAL BROLGA ASSESSMENT JUNE 2014 TO AUGUST 2015 Trustpower Australia Pty Ltd Suite Camberwell Road, Hawthorn, VIC 3123 P.O. Box 337, Camberwell, VIC 3124 Ph. (03) Fax. (03) September 2015 Report No (25.5)

2 CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF METHODS BREEDING SEASON SURVEYS Survey effort Dates Rainfall Roaming survey wetlands surveyed Targeted Surveys Breeding behaviour Limitations of breeding surveys Survey results Roaming Surveys Targeted Surveys NON-BREEDING SEASON SURVEYS Survey effort Behaviour monitored Roaming Surveys Targeted surveys Limitations and assumptions Survey Results Roaming surveys Targeted surveys Flight surveys Survey Results Roaming Surveys Targeted Surveys Flight surveys BROLGA UTILISATION SURVEY Methods Results TRANSMISSION LINE Methods Results Historical and recent Brolga records Page i

3 8. REFERENCES TABLES Table 1: Summary of field methods and survey periods (June 2014 to August 2015)... 5 Table 2: Summary of breeding attempts and behaviours during the roaming surveys... 9 Table 3: Summary of targeted survey data for site 137Date Table 4: Summary of targeted survey data for site Table 5: Flight heights recorded during the 2014 breeding season surveys Table 6: Sites utilised by Brolgas within the 5km buffer zone during the 2014 nonbreeding season Table 7: Flight heights recorded during the 2014 flocking season surveys Table 8: Sites utilised by Brolgas within 5km of the wind farm during the 2015 roaming surveys Table 9: Dates surveyed and number of Brolga displaying flocking behaviour during the 2015 targeted flocking surveys Table 10: Flight heights recorded during the 2015 flocking season surveys Table 11: Results of the 2015 Brolga utilisation survey Table 12: 2014 and 2015 Brolga breeding/flocking season observations for the transmission line RoI FIGURES Figure 1: Flight paths observed in 2014 at wetland Figure 2: Flight paths observed in 2014 at wetland Figure 3: Brolga flight paths during the 2014 non-breeding season wetland Figure 4: Brolga flight paths during the 2014 non-breeding season wetland Figure 5: Observed Brolga flight paths during overview Figure 6: Observed Brolga flight paths during overview Figure 7: Observed Brolga flight paths during 2015 wetland Figure 8: Location of Brolga utilisation survey points Figure 9: Brolga observations along the proposed transmission line Page ii

4 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report summarises the results of additional Brolga surveys undertaken by BL&A and local observers engaged by Trustpower in the years 2014 and 2015 in relation to the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm. These surveys have been a continuation of Brolga surveys undertaken for this project from 2009 to 2014 after the Brolga Assessment Report BL&A 9184 (4.12) was finalised for publication during the EES process. This assessment has been undertaken consistent with the requirements of the Interim guidelines for the assessment, avoidance, mitigation and offsetting of potential wind farm impacts on the Victorian Brolga population (DSE 2012), referred to hereafter as the Brolga Guidelines. The continuation of surveys comprised breeding and non-breeding surveys of Brolga in 2014 and 2015 undertaken by BL&A staff and two local observers, who were trained by and worked under the supervision and direction of BL&A. During this period, the local observers travelled within the Radius of Investigation (Rol), which includes a 10 kilometre buffer around the proposed wind farm layout and the proposed transmission line, in search of Brolgas and implemented the methods required by the Brolga Guidelines. In addition, through their local network of landholder contacts, the local observers were regularly informed of Brolga activity, including breeding and flocking events, by landholders in and near the RoI. Fortnightly roaming surveys were undertaken, informed by landowner feedback and local knowledge of wetland condition to search for breeding and flocking birds, in 2014 and Any breeding or flocking event within 3.2 km or 5 km respectively triggered more detailed observations, including site-specific flight path mapping of the birds concerned. Breeding surveys During the 2014 investigations, seven active nests were recorded within the Radius of Investigation (RoI) of the wind farm site and the transmission line. Three of them lie within the 3.2 kilometre buffer around the wind farm site and proposed transmission line (wetlands 118, 137 and 254). One chick was hatched at wetland 305 but was not observed at that site after the initial observation. Although a number of pairs within the RoI attempted to build nests and incubate, it was observed over the duration of the 2014 breeding season that no more than six pairs laid eggs and commenced incubation within the RoI at any one time. No chicks successfully fledged from the observed nests during the 2014 breeding season. All 98 flights observed during the 2014 breeding season were below 20 meters to wetlands (~56%), pasture (~26%), arable land (~12%) and unknown habitats (~6%). No breeding activity was observed within the Rol during the 2015 investigations to date. Note that this report only presents data up to the very early part of this breeding season and breeding is likely to occur soon. Non-breeding surveys During the 2014 investigations, ten flocking sites were recorded within 5km of the wind farm boundary. Traditional flock roosts, used by more than 10 individuals for more than one month, were wetlands 139 and 244 (Lake Terrinallum) and surrounds. From February to April 2014, a flock of 17 Brolgas was observed roosting at wetland 139. This flock consisted of seven resident birds (incl. three pairs) and an additional ten Page 1

5 birds that moved around the landscape together and joined the resident birds to feed on grain trails used for stock feeding north of wetland 139, and three kilometres north-east to near wetland 602. The maximum number of Brolgas recorded during the 2014 flocking season was 41 at wetland 244 (Lake Terrinallum) where Brolgas would roost at night and disperse around the landscape to forage during the day. The flights recorded from Lake Terrinallum were mainly in northerly and southerly directions. Flights recorded during the 2014 flocking season (total 250 flights) were predominantly to wetlands (49%)and grain trails (12%). Other habitats at the destination included arable land (~9%) and stony habitats (~5%). Occasionally, Brolgas were observed flying into grasslands (~4%), springs (~3%) and pasture (~2%). Habitat was recorded as unknown when Brolgas flew out of sight (~16%). Approximately 44% of flights observed were below 20 meters and hence below rotor swept area (RSA) height. The presence of grain trials provided favourable feeding habitat for Brolgas roosting at wetland 139. In 2015, nine flocking sites were recorded within 5km of the wind farm boundary. Birds were also observed flocking at Lake Barnie Bolac (wetland 248) which is beyond the 5km buffer. At wetland 139, between two and eighteen Brolgas were observed during the targeted surveys from 16 th May until 21 st July Two pairs were considered to be resident pairs that use wetlands 137 and 602 for breeding. It is thought that the grain trails and freshly sown crop paddocks surrounding wetlands 113 and 114 attracted the birds to the area which was situated along the south-western boundary of the wind farm. The birds flew within the proposed turbine layout in order to access these feeding areas. On several occasions, the pairs flew into the wind farm site to feed in stony rise habitat. At wetland 239 (Lake Gellie) Brolgas were observed gathering in consistently large numbers during the targeted surveys. A maximum of 61 Brolgas were observed here. Many of the flights observed from this wetland were of Brolgas feeding on burnt stubble and in grazing paddocks. At wetland 244 (Lake Terrinallum), the maximum number of Brolgas recorded during the targeted surveys was 48. Over the month this site was closely monitored, Brolgas were often seen in groups of greater than ten birds. The majority of flights recorded from Lake Terrinallum were to the north and south. Flights recorded during the 2015 non-breeding season (total 557 flights) were predominantly to wetlands, unknown habitats, arable land and pasture. Over 50% of flights observed in 2015 were below 20 meters, and hence below rotor swept area (RSA) height. Brolga utilisations surveys During the 2015 Brolga non-breeding season, the regular movements of Brolga pairs roosting at wetland 139 and flying towards the wind farm site to feed, triggered a Brolga Utilisation Survey (BUS) to characterise Brolga activity across the project area during a period with high Brolga numbers close to the wind farm. Four Brolga observations (two during 35 hours of formal counts and two incidental to the formal counts) were recorded during the utilisation survey. Of those, two were flight observations (both during formal counts). Both observations were of pairs of Brolgas Page 2

6 moving from grassland to cropping land. The sightings involved birds neither breeding nor flocking. The observations occurred at BUS site 18, which is near wetlands 515 and 117 in arable land in the north-western part of the proposed wind farm site, but outside the proposed turbine layout. Transmission Line surveys During 2014 and 2015, fortnightly roaming surveys were undertaken at wetlands within the transmission line RoI (10 kilometre radius around the proposed transmission line) by local observers. In 2014, three wetlands (wetlands 103, 137 and 605) were utilised for breeding activities within 3.2 kilometres of the transmission line. No chicks successfully hatched. During the non-breeding season 2014, a pair was observed at wetland 11 over a one month period. In the 2015 non-breeding season, 31 sites along the transmission line RoI were utilised by Brolgas. Nine additional sites were identified, of which six were within five kilometres of the transmission line, and the remaining three were within ten kilometres of the transmission line. No breeding activity has been recorded for Page 3

7 2. INTRODUCTION Trustpower engaged BL&A and local observers to undertake additional Brolga surveys in the years 2014 and 2015 in relation to the proposed Dundonnell Wind Farm. These surveys have been a continuation of Brolga surveys undertaken for this project from 2009 to 2014 after the Brolga Assessment Report BL&A 9184 (4.12) was finalised for publication with the EES. This assessment has been undertaken consistent with the requirements of the Interim guidelines for the assessment, avoidance, mitigation and offsetting of potential wind farm impacts on the Victorian Brolga population (DSE 2012), referred to hereafter as the Brolga Guidelines. The surveys were designed to continue gathering information consistent with the requirements of the Level Two Assessment in the Victorian Brolga Guidelines (DSE 2012). The investigation area encompassed the proposed wind farm site and transmission line corridor, as well as a 10 kilometre zone around these areas referred to as the radius of investigation (RoI), as defined in the Brolga Guidelines (p. 13). This report is divided into the following sections: Section 3 describes the overview of methods used for the field surveys. Section 4 presents the breeding assessment results Section 5 presents the non-breeding assessment results Section 6 presents the Brolga Utilisation Survey (BUS) assessment results Section 7 presents the Transmission Line assessment results The results of the additional Brolga investigations presented in this report include new information on Brolga activity on and in the vicinity of the proposed wind farm. This investigation was undertaken by the two local observers (David Sweatman and David Fletcher) and a team from BL&A, comprising Teisha Lay (Zoologist), Curtis Doughty (Zoologist), Jeremy Ward (Zoologist), Emily Richardson (Ecologist), Inga Kulik (Senior Ecologist & Project Manager) and Brett Lane (Principal Consultant). Page 4

8 3. OVERVIEW OF METHODS The 2014 and 2015 Brolga surveys were designed to continue gathering information consistent with the requirements of the Level Two Assessment in the Victorian Brolga Guidelines (DEPI 2012). The following methods were applied in this assessment (see later in this section for detailed methods): Ground-based roaming observational surveys (greatest effort) of all known potentially suitable wetlands in the RoI every fortnight; Liaison with landholders in the RoI and field follow-up of reports of Brolga activity; Systematic flight path mapping during breeding and non-breeding (flocking) events; Incidental observation and flight path mapping; and An additional 35 hour formal, quantitative bird utilisation survey of the wind farm site during a 2015 flocking event near the wind farm (Wetlands 139), taking to 115 hours the total Brolga utilisation data for the wind farm. These methods and relevant dates are summarised in Table 1. The 2014 and 2015 Brolga investigations were undertaken by personnel from BL&A and by two local observers trained by and working under the supervision and direction of BL&A (see BL&A 2014). Data were returned to BL&A on a monthly basis and personnel from BL&A audited incoming data, regularly discussed progress, answered questions and discussed data collection issues with the local observers. BL&A staff also undertook continuous observations of breeding and flocking birds to confirm their daily routine, as reported by the local observers. Phone communications were maintained regularly. The observers have an excellent local knowledge of past and present Brolga locations and the area in general. Hence the amount of information gathered by observers from formal and incidental recordings was substantial. This provided excellent data on Brolga activity in the RoI and in particular near the proposed wind farm site. The survey effort from January 2014 to August 2015 by the local observers is provided in Table 1. This should be read as an addition to Table 9 (p ) in the Brolga report (Volume 2: Supplementary Reports of the EES - BL&A 2014). Table 1: Summary of field methods and survey periods (June 2014 to August 2015) Survey Dates Activities Brolga breeding season 2014 Breeding season roaming survey 2014 Breeding season targeted survey (nest watch) rd August 2014 to 27 th December th September to 13 th October 2014 Fortnightly searches of wetlands that held water of the 189 wetlands within the RoI for breeding Brolga and recording Brolga sightings. Daily observations of active Brolga nests within 3.2km of the wind farm boundary to map flight paths and monitor breeding activity. Page 5

9 Survey Dates Activities Breeding and non-breeding season continuing investigations 2014 and 2015 Continuation of Roaming Survey Continuation of landholder liaison All year round January 2014 to August 2015 All year round January 2014 to August 2015 Field inspections fortnightly of all historical known breeding and flocking sites that held water and other sites that were potentially suitable. Sites along and within 10 km of the Transmission Line were also included in surveys. Regular advice received from some participating landholders about Brolga activity that was immediately followed up with a field visit. Targeted flocking surveys 2014 and 2015 Targeted flocking survey nd January 2014 to 19th June 2014 Targeted flocking survey nd March to 14 th July 2015 Brolga Utilisation Survey 14 th to 24 th July 2015 Other non-breeding season surveys 2015 Migration Survey 2015 July to August 2015 Landholder liaison July to August 2015 Detailed surveys of flocking sites to map flight paths and monitor flock movements. Detailed surveys of flocking sites to map flight paths and monitor flock movements. Fixed-point survey across 20 sites to quantify and locate Brolga activity and usage during nearby Brolga flocking season activity. Field inspections fortnightly of all historical known breeding and flocking sites and other wetlands that were suitable. Regular advice received from some participating landholders about Brolga activity that was immediately followed up with a field visit. Throughout continued investigations, local observers continued to be regularly informed of Brolga activity through their local network of landholder contacts within and occasionally outside the RoI, including breeding and flocking events. In addition, some landholders who had barred access to their land also provided observations directly to Trustpower. Such reports were immediately followed up with a field visit. This information was followed up and, where required, breeding or flocking activity was incorporated into targeted surveys. The rest of this report is divided into breeding, non-breeding, Brolga utilisation and transmission line surveys. These Brolga surveys are continuing. The methods applied Page 6

10 comply with a Level Two Assessment as outlined in the Brolga Guidelines. Methods have already been described in detail in BL&A (2014) and results are presented in Sections 4 to 7 of this report. Section 8 provides conclusions and regulatory implications. Page 7

11 4. BREEDING SEASON SURVEYS 4.1. Survey effort Dates Roaming surveys during the breeding season (July December) were undertaken from 3 rd August until 27 th December When breeding Brolgas were found within 3.2 kilometres of the wind farm, targeted nest watch surveys were undertaken, from 16 th September until 13 th October Roaming surveys continued during the targeted nest watch period. No breeding was recorded in 2015 up to the time this report was prepared Rainfall The average annual rainfall for the Dundonnell area (based on 20 years rainfall records) is 573.7mm (data extracted from the Mortlake weather station, BOM 2015). The average rainfall for 2014 was 459.6mm. Based on these statistics, the year 2014 had below average rainfall and significantly lower rainfalls than recorded in 2010 and 2011 (see BL&A 2014). This resulted in a reduced number of wetlands that held water in the RoI Roaming survey wetlands surveyed In 2014 and 2015, fortnightly roaming surveys were undertaken by two local observers visiting all known potentially suitable wetlands, based on historical breeding records, local knowledge of local observers and advice from landholders. Each fortnight, between approximately 35 and 85 wetlands were visited of the 189 mapped in Figure 3. The choice of wetland to visit during the roaming surveys was based on the potential suitability of the wetlands given historical records, or whether local knowledge of local observers and information from landholders indicated that they held water. Dry wetlands were not visited. Lower than average rainfall in this more recent survey period reduced the number of suitable wetlands in the RoI. The observers were in regular contact with other local landholders and recorded any incidental sightings. Any sightings reported to them or to Trustpower were followed up by the observers for corroboration Targeted Surveys Breeding behaviour The targeted surveys were undertaken at two active nest sites (site 118 and 137) which were within the 3.2 kilometres of the wind farm boundary. Surveys began at dawn and ended at dusk. Behaviours, including flights, were recorded at 15 minute intervals. Although site 254, within 3.2 kilometres of the turbines, also briefly held a breeding pair, the nest was abandoned by the time targeted surveys began and no further targeted survey data could be collected Limitations of breeding surveys Three of the 76 properties that may support Brolgas were inaccessible due to landowner access restrictions. Furthermore, at the request of other landholders, some wetlands were avoided during particular times of the year due to farming needs, such as lambing season, which is a vulnerable time for disturbance. The contacts of the observers with local residents overcame some of these limitations through regular exchange of knowledge about Brolga sightings and breeding sites in the RoI. Page 8

12 Survey results Roaming Surveys During the 2014 fortnightly roaming surveys, a total of seven active nests sites were recorded within the RoI, including wetlands 118, 137, 236, 251, 254, 304 and 305. Three of them lie within the 3.2 kilometre buffer around the wind farm site and proposed transmission line (wetlands 118, 137 and 254). One chick was hatched at wetland 305 but was not observed at that site after the initial observation. At site 118, Brolga appeared to be getting ready to nest in mid September Targeted surveys then began for this site. Breeding behaviour then ceased at this site before the next fortnightly survey was undertaken. A first nesting attempt was undertaken at wetland 137 in mid August, but abandoned in September. At the beginning of November there was a second nesting attempt at site 137, however the nest was gone by the time the next fortnightly roaming survey was undertaken. Brolgas at site 236 began nest building on 3 rd August. When the fortnightly survey was undertaken on 28 th September neither of the pair was incubating and by 9 th October the nest had been abandoned. Three separate pairs were observed making nesting attempts at site 251. The first was observed on 15 th August and 29 th August incubating. At the time of both of these observations only one Brolga was seen at the nest. On 29 th August the Brolga observed nesting here was behaving as if guarding a chick, though the chick was not seen. No birds were seen at this site during subsequent surveys until 28 th September when another pair was observed incubating. This pair and their nest disappeared by 25 th October. The final nesting attempt was seen on 6 th November. This pair s nest was gone when the nest survey was undertaken on 23 rd November. At site 254 a Brolga pair was observed incubating on 15 th August. By the 27 th September the nest had been abandoned. By 7 th November the wetland had dried out. Brolgas at site 304 were observed nest building on 15 th August. By 25 th October the nest was abandoned. The pair was seen at the wetland twice during the surveys after this time. On 15 th August a pair of Brolga was observed at wetland 305 incubating. Two eggs were seen in the nest on 29 th August. At the time of the next survey no Brolgas were observed at this site. On 9 th October the pair and one chick were observed feeding at the wetland. The chick was not recorded at this wetland again however a pair was again seen at this site on 6 th December. Table 2: Summary of breeding attempts and behaviours during the roaming surveys Date Site # Brolga Behaviour 9/08/ Walking 24/08/ /09/ /09/ Walking, feeding 23/09/ Feeding and walking near island in wetland 16/10/ Page 9

13 Date Site # Brolga Behaviour 31/10/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /08/ /08/ Incubating, feeding 29/08/ Incubating 9/09/ Incubating, resting 28/09/ /10/ /10/ Resting 6/11/ Nesting 23/11/ Nest gone, walking and feeding 6/12/ /12/ /08/ Nest building 15/08/ Feeding, incubating 29/08/ at nest, 1 nearby resting 9/09/ Incubating, feeding 28/09/ Walking, feeding 9/10/ Nest gone, walking and feeding 150m east 25/10/ Feeding, walking 6/11/ Resting 23/11/ /12/ /12/ /08/ /08/ Incubating 29/08/ Nesting, appeared to guard a chick 9/09/ /09/ Incubating, resting 9/10/ incubating, 1 preening 25/10/ /11/ Incubating 23/11/ Nest and birds gone 6/12/ /12/ /08/ /08/ Feeding, incubating 29/08/ incubating, 1 bird feeding 9/09/ Incubating, feeding 27/09/ Nest abandoned Page 10

14 Date Site # Brolga Behaviour 9/10/ /10/ Feeding north-west of wetland 7/11/ Wetland dry 23/11/ /12/ /12/ /08/ /08/ Nest building 29/08/ incubating, 1 feeding and walking 9/09/ Incubating, Feeding 28/09/ Incubating 9/10/ incubating, 1 feeding and walking 25/10/ Nest gone 6/11/ Resting west of wetland 23/11/ /12/ Walking, feeding 20/12/ /08/ /08/ Feeding, incubating 29/08/ Feeding near nest - 2 eggs 9/09/ Incubating, Feeding 28/09/ /10/ A, 1Ck Feeding, walking 25/10/ Nest gone 6/11/ /11/ /12/ Feeding, walking 20/12/ A adult; Ck - chick Breeding sites utilised in 2014 within 3.2 kilometres of proposed turbines were: wetland 118 (approximately 2.6 km west of the nearest proposed turbine); wetland 137 (3 km south-west of the nearest proposed turbine); and wetland 254 (1.9 km south-east of the nearest proposed turbine). The number of active nests within the RoI is likely to vary between years depending on several factors, including rainfall. The map references for five VBA breeding records within the wind farm site boundary, as well as a number of such records within the RoI were not located at wetlands. They were recorded at low levels of accuracy and were assumed to relate to the closest wetland. None of these wetlands are within the turbine layout. Although a number of pairs within the RoI attempted to build nests and incubate, it was observed over the duration of the 2014 breeding season that no more than six pairs laid Page 11

15 eggs and commenced incubation within the RoI at any one time. A maximum of five pairs were observed at any one time during the previous monitored breeding seasons, which were considerably wetter than No chicks successfully fledged from the observed nests during the 2014 breeding season Targeted Surveys Two breeding sites were chosen to be monitored for the targeted surveys (sites 118 and 137). These sites were chosen as they were within 3.2 kilometres of proposed turbines. No observations could be made at site 254 (see above). Nesting at site 137 began prior to 15 th August The nest was then abandoned on 18 th September 2014 (Table 3). Table 3: Summary of targeted survey data for site 137Date Date Behaviour (walking, incubating, feeding, resting) 16/09/ /09/ /09/2014 M incubating, F absent most of day. F flew in and out from SE four times. M and F flew 200m NW then both returned to nest 15mins later. M and F alternate incubating duties throughout the day. Feeding nearby when not incubating. Nest abandoned. M and F both calling and displaying. M and F flew to pasture to feed. Nesting at site 118 began on 25 th September The nest was then abandoned on 13 th October 2014 (Table 4). Table 4: Summary of targeted survey data for site 118 Date Behaviour (walking, incubating, feeding, resting) 20/09/2014 M and F feeding on bank 23/09/2014 M and F walking around wetland, feeding and preening. 24/09/2014 M and F walking around wetland, feeding and preening. Displaying and fussing over area. 25/09/2014 M and F alternate incubating duties throughout the day. Feeding and resting nearby when not incubating. 26/09/2014 M incubating most of the day, F incubating for a short time. Feeding and resting nearby when not incubating. 27/09/2014 M incubating most of the day, F incubating for a short time. Feeding and resting nearby when not incubating. Another pair flew in briefly. 28/09/2014 M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. M and F flew in and out from pasture. Feeding when not incubating. 29/09/2014 M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. M and F flew in and out from pasture. Feeding when not incubating. 30/09/2014 M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. M and F flew in and out from canola crop and pasture. Feeding when not incubating. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. M and F flew in 1/10/2014 and out to and from canola crop. Feeding, resting and preening when not incubating. 2/10/2014 M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. F flew in and out to and from the east. Feeding, resting and preening when not Page 12

16 Date Behaviour (walking, incubating, feeding, resting) 3/10/2014 4/10/2014 5/10/2014 6/10/2014 7/10/2014 8/10/2014 9/10/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /10/2014 incubating. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. F feeding in canola crop and pasture, and resting and preening near nest when not incubating. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. Both incubating for short time also. F feeding, resting and preening near nest when not incubating. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. F flew in and out to and from the east. Feeding, resting and preening near nest when not incubating. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. F flew in and out from pasture and crop. Feeding and resting near nest also. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. M and F flew in and out from canola crop. Feeding and resting near nest also. M incubating all day. F flew in and out from canola crop and pasture. Feeding and resting near nest also. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. F flew in and out from canola crop and pasture. Feeding and resting near nest also. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. F flew in and out from canola crop and M fed in pasture. M and F feeding and resting near nest also. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. F feeding and resting near nest. M flew off for short time in the afternoon. M incubating most of day, F incubating for short time. F feeding and resting near nest. M flew off for short time in the morning. F standing near nest then disappeared. F returns and incubates. F disappears. M and F return and stand and feed near nest then move to bank. Flight paths of Brolgas during the 2014 breeding observation period are shown in Figure 1 and 2. Page 13

17 Chinamans Swamp 118 Legend Wind farm boundary Roads Turbines Wetland Quality High Moderate Low Not accessable 251 Wetland Number Flight paths 2014 Breeding Flocking event 1 Flocking event 2 Incidental Kilometers Figure 1: Brolga flight paths wetland 118 Project: Dundonnell Wind Farm Client: TrustPower Pty Ltd Project No.: 9184 Date: 25/08/2015 Created By: M. Ghasemi

18 137 Legend Wind farm boundary Roads Turbines Wetland Quality High Moderate Low Not accessable 251 Wetland Number Flight paths 2014 Breeding Flocking event 1 Flocking event 2 Incidental Kilometers Figure 2: Brolga flight paths wetland 137 Project: Dundonnell Wind Farm Client: TrustPower Pty Ltd Project No.: 9184 Date: 25/08/2015 Created By: M. Ghasemi

19 Flights and habitat at destination A total of 98 flights were recorded during the 2014 breeding season surveys. The habitats at the destination of the flights observed were wetlands (~56%), pasture (~26%), arable land (~12%) and unknown habitats (~6%). Brolgas were not observed flying to grassland, springs or stony habitats during the breeding season surveys. A habitat was recorded as unknown when Brolgas flew out of sight. Flight distances and heights All observed flights were below 20 meters, and hence below rotor swept area (RSA) height. Table 5: Flight heights recorded during the 2014 breeding season surveys. Heights (m) Total Number of flights Percent of total Page 16

20 5. NON-BREEDING SEASON SURVEYS The non-breeding (or flocking) season usually occurs from December to June when Brolgas disperse from drying breeding wetlands to gather in flocks at larger, often permanent wetlands. These flocks roost at the waterbody and move out to forage in adjacent terrestrial and wetland habitats (DSE 2012). This can include birds that are either migrating between traditional flock roost sites and breeding areas, or vice versa, or birds using traditional flock roost sites. The term migration season has been used to distinguish small groups and pairs moving about the landscape between breeding and flocking from traditional flock roost site linked behaviour Survey effort Behaviour monitored Observations of the Brolga population at Dundonnell indicated that there was not a clear delineation between the breeding, migration and flocking seasons. The methods here therefore refer to periods when Brolgas were observed engaging in typical flocking behaviour in the RoI as well as when Brolgas were observed in numbers less than 10 on wetlands but not breeding, as occurred when birds were clearly dispersing to breed (the migration season ). The Brolga Guidelines state that a flock roost site must meet the criteria below (DSE 2012): More than one year of recording; Groups of 10 or more Brolgas present; and Brolgas using the site (and moving into the surrounding landscape each day) for a period of more than a month Roaming Surveys In 2014, fortnightly roaming surveys were conducted from 1 st January 2014 until 27 th December Of the 189 sites in the RoI, a total of 98 sites held water for at least part of this survey period, or that were accessible and were therefore surveyed (NB: a small percentage of wetlands were not accessible due to landholder access restrictions). The flocking season roaming survey effort during 2014 totalled 63 days covering all suitable wetlands within the RoI. In addition, follow up checks of incidental observations reported by local landowners were made. In 2015 fortnightly roaming non-breeding season surveys were conducted from 4 th January 2015 until 2 nd August A total of 96 sites were surveyed. Of the 189 sites in the RoI, this was the maximum number of wetlands that held water for at least part of this survey period, or that were accessible (a small percentage of wetlands were not accessible due to landholder access restrictions). The total non-breeding season survey effort during 2015 totalled 65 days (excluding incidental observations), covering all suitable wetlands within the RoI. Where flocking was found at a wetland within five kilometres of the proposed wind farm boundary, more detailed, targeted behavioural observations (including documenting flight paths) were triggered, to address the requirements of the Brolga Guidelines. Page 17

21 All Brolga sightings were recorded on topographic maps and information noted on behaviour and flights Targeted surveys If Brolga flocks were found during the fortnightly roaming surveys within five kilometres of the proposed wind farm boundary, more detailed, daily observations were undertaken of their behaviour and flights. Methods have been described in BL&A (2014). In 2014 targeted flocking surveys were undertaken from 2 nd January 2014, until 19 th June In 2015 targeted flocking surveys were undertaken from 22 nd March 2015 until 14 th July A constant monitoring survey was also undertaken by BL&A staff from 10 th to 13 th June 2014 recording flock flight paths at wetland 244. The information recorded is described in BL&A (2014) Limitations and assumptions The study area covered a large area but access to three private properties (of 76) within the RoI was not permitted by the landowners. Every effort was made to gain access to areas frequented by Brolgas. Where access was not permitted, historical records were relied upon, some of which were extensive and some records were directly provided to Trustpower by the relevant landowners and these were followed up if the land was accessible. It was assumed that flocks of the same number of individuals seen on the same day and location were the same flock, if seen by different observers. As it was impossible to determine or track individuals, observations cannot be considered independent Survey Results Prior to 2014 the RoI comprised a total of 22 traditional flocking sites and 24 one-off flocking sites, including historical records at seven of these sites involving foraging birds in non-wetland habitats where they are unlikely to have roosted overnight (see Table 15 and Figure 19 of BL&A (2014)). In 2014, Brolga flocks were observed at four additional sites (243, 311, 505 and 509). The results of the 2014 non-breeding season surveys are presented below Roaming surveys During the 2014 non-breeding season roaming surveys, Brolga were observed utilising sixteen sites within five kilometres of proposed wind turbine sites, encompassing behaviour consistent with both traditional flock roosting and one-off flocking activities. The wetlands utilised by Brolga flocks (i.e. 10 or more Brolgas) were 110, 139, 239, 243, 244, 252, 313, 505, 509 and near 602. Flocks also utilised wetland 311, flying back and forth between this wetland and Lake Terrinallum (244). Brolgas were also recorded in smaller groups (less than 10 individuals) and pairs at a number of other wetlands within the five kilometre buffer zone. These were sites 127, 128, 137, 304 and 555. Page 18

22 The table below summarises the number of Brolgas utilising each site and the dates that the birds were observed there. To summarise, traditional flock roosts, used by more than 10 individuals for more than one month were wetlands 139 and 244/311. Table 6: Sites utilised by Brolgas within the 5km buffer zone during the 2014 non-breeding season. Date Site Maximum No. of Brolga 28/02/ /01/ /07/ /01/ /07/ /02/ /4/ /03/ /03/ /03/ /04/ /06/ / /04/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /04/ /04/ /05/ /02/ m SE Targeted surveys During the roaming surveys two sites were identified as regular flock roost sites within the five kilometre buffer zone, and were therefore monitored daily in detail. These sites were wetland numbers 139 and 244. Wetland 139 From February to April 2014, a flock of 17 Brolgas was observed roosting at wetland 139 (located along Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road). This flock comprised seven resident birds (two adult pairs and a family group with two adult birds and an immature). The remaining ten birds moved around the landscape together and joined the resident birds to feed on grain trails (used for feeding stock) 800m north of wetland 139, and three kilometres north-east near wetland 602. The flock was also observed at Lake Sheepwash (wetland 110) and wetland 252. Most of the observed flights were within the southern part of the wind farm site (Figure 3) due to the birds feeding on the grain trails in paddocks north of wetland 139. Wetland 244 (Lake Terrinallum) The maximum number of Brolgas recorded during the 2014 flocking season was 41 at Lake Terrinallum (244). From April to June 2014, site 244 was monitored closely to gain a better understanding of the flock s behaviour. After discussions with the field observers, it was evident that the local Brolga population was quite widely dispersed. The only consistent Brolga flocking activity from May was on an exposed mudflat within wetland 244 at dusk. Observations suggested that the flock had been roosting here for some weeks, also in varying numbers (2 to 41 individuals). At least one pair commuted Page 19

23 to feed in and around grassland paddocks and stubble near wetlands 244, 311 and 246 after leaving their roost at 244. The flights recorded from Lake Terrinallum were mainly in northerly and southerly directions. Figure 4 shows the location of flocking activities, including all recorded flight paths of Brolgas from this monitored flocking site Flight surveys For all wetlands where flocking birds were observed within five kilometres of the proposed wind farm boundary, detailed flight observations were undertaken to ascertain whether birds regularly went to forage within the proposed wind turbine array during the day and which habitat type they were flying to. A total of 250 flights were observed and recorded from January to December Habitats at the destination were predominantly wetlands (~49%)and grain trails (~12%). Other habitats at the destination included arable land (~9%) and stony habitats (~5%). Occasionally, Brolgas were observed flying into grasslands (~4%), springs (~3%) and pasture (~2%). Habitat was recorded as unknown when Brolgas flew out of sight (~16%). Brolgas flocking at site 139 made regular flights to wetlands 313 and 602, and occasional flights to wetland 110. Flights from both wetlands 313 and 602 were observed to pass through proposed turbine sites (see Figure 3 for flight map). A total of 152 flights were observed and recorded from wetland 139 in The numbers of Brolgas making these flights were between 2 and 15. Flight heights and paths Approximately 44% of flights observed were below 20 meters, and hence below rotor swept area (RSA) height, which is 23m to 165m. Remaining flights were within RSA height. Over 80% of flights lasted less than three minutes. Table 7: Flight heights recorded during the 2014 flocking season surveys. Heights (m) unknown Total Number of flights Percent of total Page 20

24 Tiverton Lake Sheepwash Legend Wind farm boundary Roads Turbines Wetland Quality High Moderate Low Not accessable 251 Wetland Number Flight paths bird - unknown destination 2-3 birds - unknown destination 2-3 birds - known destination 4-9 birds - unknown destination 4-9 birds - known destination birds - unknown destination birds - known destination Kilometers Figure 3: Brolga flight paths wetland 139 Project: Dundonnell Wind Farm Client: TrustPower Pty Ltd Project No.: 9184 Date: 1/09/2015 Created By: M. Ghasemi

25 Lake Gellie Lake Terrinallum Legend Wind farm boundary Roads Turbines Wetland Quality High Moderate Low Not accessable 251 Wetland Number Flight paths 2014 Breeding Flocking event 1 Flocking event 2 Incidental Kilometers Figure 4: Brolga flight paths wetland 244 Project: Dundonnell Wind Farm Client: TrustPower Pty Ltd Project No.: 9184 Date: 25/08/2015 Created By: M. Ghasemi

26 Chinamans Swamp Lake Gellie Lake Terrinallum Tiverton Lake Sheepwash Lake Barnie Bolac 302 Legend Wind farm boundary Roads Turbines Wetland Quality High Moderate Low Not accessable Flight paths 2014 Breeding Flocking event 1 Flocking event 2 Incidental Kilometers Figure 5: Observed Brolga flight paths Project: Dundonnell Wind Farm Client: TrustPower Pty Ltd Project No.: 9184 Date: 25/08/2015 Created By: M. Ghasemi 251 Wetland Number

27 Survey Results The results of the 2015 non-breeding season surveys are presented in this section. In 2015, Brolga flocks were observed at four additional wetlands (129, 246, 517 and 520) to those reported above and in the Brolga Assessment Report (BL&A 2014) Roaming Surveys During the 2015 non-breeding surveys, Brolga were observed utilising twenty-three sites within the RoI, encompassing behaviour consistent with both flocking and migration activities. Flocking behaviour (groups of 10 or more) was observed at nine wetlands (Table 8). Other sites identified during the roaming surveys supporting both pairs and small groups of less than ten Brolgas. Table 8 below summarises the number of Brolgas utilising each site within five kilometres of the proposed wind farm boundary during the non-breeding season roaming survey. Wetlands 253, 303, 304 and 305 were outside the five kilometre boundary and are excluded from the table below. Table 8: Sites utilised by Brolgas within 5km of the wind farm during the 2015 roaming surveys Date Site Maximum # Brolga 8/06/ >10 22/03/ /07/ /01/ /07/ /02/2015-1/03/ /08/ /06/ /04/2015 to 26/05/ /05/ /07/ /03/2015 to 2/04/ /05/ /04/2015 to 14/04/ /07/ /01/15 2/08/ /06/ /01/2015 4/06/ /06/ /01/ /04/ /05/ /06/ /02/2014 4/06/ /06/ /07/ / /05/ /517 4 Page 24

28 Targeted Surveys During the 2015 roaming surveys, nine sites were identified as flock roost sites within the 5 kilometre buffer zone (based on formal roaming surveys and incidental observations). These sites were wetlands 139, 239, 241, 244, 246, 516, 518, 520 and 522 within five kilometres, and Lake Barnie Bolac (wetland 248) beyond five kilometres. Recorded observations and flight paths at wetlands 139, 239, 244 and 248 are shown on Figure 6 and are described in more detail below. Wetland 139 During the non-breeding season, between two and eighteen Brolgas were observed at site 139 from the 16 th May until 21 st July Some of the flight paths recorded were of Brolgas dispersing north-east and north-west at times into the wind farm site to forage in stony grassland and pasture (Figure 7). Wetland 239 (Lake Gellie) At Lake Gellie (wetland 239) Brolgas were also observed gathering in consistently large numbers over the month the site was closely monitored. A maximum of 61 Brolgas were observed here. Many of the flights observed from this wetland were of Brolgas feeding on burnt stubble and in grazing paddocks. Brolgas were also observed flying to other smaller nearby wetlands. Wetland 244 (Lake Terrinallum) At Lake Terrinallum (244), the maximum number of Brolga s recorded during the targeted surveys was 48. Over the month this site was closely monitored, Brolgas were often seen in groups of greater than ten birds. Brolgas were only seen in groups of less than ten birds on 23 out of the 107 observations at this site. The majority of flights recorded from Lake Terrinallum were to the north and south. Many of these flights were to and from wetland 246. Brolgas were also observed flying to forage in paddocks and on grain trails nearby. Wetland 248 (Lake Barnie Bolac) Lake Barnie Bolac is a traditional flocking site within the RoI. Between 15 and 21 Brolgas were observed at this site during the targeted surveys from the 24 th June until 5 th July. This site is greater than five kilometres from the proposed wind farm site. Table 9: Dates surveyed and number of Brolga displaying flocking behaviour during the 2015 targeted flocking surveys Date Site No. of Brolga 16/05/ /07/ to 18 17/04/ /06/ to 61 17/05/ /06/ to 14 22/03/ /04/ to 48 28/03/ /04/ to /06/ /07/ to 21 14/05/ to 16 06/06/ /06/ /04/ /05/ /05/ Page 25

29 Flight surveys Flights and habitat at destination Detailed flight observations were undertaken to ascertain whether birds regularly went to forage during the day within the proposed wind farm site and what kind of habitat they flew to. A total of 557 flights were observed and recorded during the 2015 surveys which were undertaken from March to July 2015 (see Figure 6). In 2015, from all of the 145 flights observed of Brolgas roosting at site 139, 56 flights passed through the proposed turbine layout (see Figure 7). All of the flights through the turbine layout except one (which included three birds) were made by three pairs of Brolgas, moving to and from the wetland and into three types of habitat, namely crop, grain trails and stony outcrops to feed. Two of these pairs were considered to be resident breeding pairs that use wetlands 137 and 602. It is thought that the grain trails and freshly sown crop attracted the birds to the area which was situated along the southwestern boundary of the wind farm. The birds flew through the proposed turbine locations in order to get to these feeding areas. On several occasions, the pairs flew into the wind farm site to feed amongst stony rise habitat. Three groups of four birds, another group of three birds and a group of eight birds were observed flying in the area outside the proposed turbine layout with the remaining flights involved two birds. Brolgas flocking at sites to the north and north east (239, 241, 516, 518, 520 and 522), to the east (244, 246) and the south (248) were not observed to fly into the proposed wind farm site. The main habitats at the destination of the flights observed were wetlands (~33%), arable land (~17%) and pasture (~15%). Occasionally Brolgas were observed flying to grain trails (~4%), stony habitat (~4%), grassland (~2%) and springs (~2%). A habitat was recorded as unknown when Brolgas flew out of sight (~23%), mostly due to topographical reasons (Brolgas flying over raised land or too far away to be seen). Flight distances, heights and paths Over 50% of flights observed in 2015 were below 20 meters, and hence below rotor swept area (RSA) height (see Table 10). The remaining flights were above 20 metres. The flight times ranged from less than one minute to seven minutes, with over 60% of the flights lasting one minute or less. Table 10: Flight heights recorded during the 2015 flocking season surveys. Heights (m) Total Number of flights Percent of total Page 26

30 Chinamans Swamp Lake Gellie Lake Terrinallum Tiverton Lake Sheepwash Lake Barnie Bolac Legend Wind farm boundary Roads Turbines Wetland Quality High Moderate Low Not accessable 251 Wetland Number Flight paths 2015 Flocking event 1 Flocking event 2 Flocking event 3 BUS 604 Long Dam 603 Kilometers Figure 6: Observed Brolga flight paths Project: Dundonnell Wind Farm Client: TrustPower Pty Ltd Project No.: 9184 Date: 21/09/2015 Created By: M. Ghasemi

31 Chinamans Swamp Tiverton Lake Sheepwash Legend Wind farm boundary Roads Flight paths birds, unknown destination Kilometers Turbines 8 birds, unknown destination Figure 7: Brolga flight paths wetland 139 Wetland Quality High Moderate Low Not accessable 251 Wetland Number 2 birds, known destination Project: Dundonnell Wind Farm 3 birds, known destination Client: TrustPower Pty Ltd 4 birds, known destination Project No.: 9184 Date: 1/09/2015 Created By: M. Ghasemi

32 6. BROLGA UTILISATION SURVEY During the 2015 Brolga non-breeding season, a Brolga Utilisation Survey (BUS) was undertaken across the whole wind farm site to characterise Brolga activity in the project area during a period with high Brolga numbers close to the wind farm. This survey brought to 115 hours the total duration of Brolga utilisation surveys during periods of higher Brolga activity closer to the proposed wind farm site. The regular movements of Brolga pairs roosting at wetland 139 and flying across or into the south western part of the wind farm site to feed, triggered a BUS in order to quantify the rate (number of birds/unit time) at which Brolgas flew across the whole proposed wind farm site within a rigorous statistically based sampling program. The aim was to generate flight rate data that can be analysed using statistical methods for the purpose of testing hypotheses, such as collision risk modelling. The BUS had a different objective from the targeted flock roost site watches at wetland 139, which were underway at the same time and aimed to document the extent of movement around that flock roost site. The methods used and the results of this survey are documented below. The methods are the same as for previous Brolga utilisation surveys (see BL&A 2015) Methods The Brolga utilisation survey was conducted by two observers during the 2015 flocking season. The survey commenced on 14 th July 2015 and was completed on 24 th July The locations of survey points were stratified based on habitat to ensure site coverage, then randomly selected within each stratum. Twenty fixed survey points were established across the proposed wind farm site. The survey point locations were chosen from a larger set of randomly located points and spaced as evenly as possible across the wind farm to ensure good coverage of the site. Figure 8 shows the location and habitat of the utilisation survey points, please note that points 12, 13, 19 and 20 are now outside the proposed wind farm site and have not been used for the survey. During each survey, each point was visited seven times for a period of 15 minutes, with starting times being spread throughout the day for each point to account for time-of-day differences in Brolga activity. Any Brolga activity seen from the points was recorded. During formal counts, the number of Brolgas, as well as their activity, distance and direction from the observer were recorded. In addition, flight information (height, distance, direction, behaviour, habitat, flight start and end time) was also documented. Each flight path recorded was tabulated and plotted on a map (see Figure 6). In addition to the observations during formalised, fixed-point counts, incidental observations of Brolgas were also made while moving about the wind farm site between point counts. These incidental observations were recorded, but excluded from the statistical analysis. The point counts were used to determine the number of flights of concern. Roaming surveys were used to determine the spatial distribution of Brolgas, to estimate the number of active breeding pairs and to map probability of occurrence Results Four Brolga observations (two during 35 hours of formal counts and two incidental observations) were recorded during the utilisation survey. Of those, two were flight Page 29

33 observations (both during formal counts). Both observations were of pairs of Brolgas moving from grassland to cropping land. The sightings involved birds neither breeding nor flocking. The observations occurred at BUS site 18, which is near wetlands 515 and 117 in arable land in the north-western part of the proposed wind farm site, but outside the proposed turbine layout. Table 11: Results of the 2015 Brolga utilisation survey Date 20/07/ /07/2015 Site Survey Start time 15:15 16:45 Survey End Time 15:30 17:00 Obs. No. 1 2 Obs. Start Time 15:15 16:20 Obs. End Time 15:50 17:00 No. Brolga 2A 2A Activity Flying/ Walking Flying/ Feeding Flight Height (m) Flight Direction S S Flight Behaviour Flapping Flapping/ Landing Habitat at Origin Grassland Grassland Habitat at destination Crop Crop Initial distance from observer (m) Initial direction from observer NW NW Site numbers refer to the Brolga utilisation survey points (Figure 8). Page 30

34 ![![ Site 13 Site 20![ Site 19![ Site 18 ^_ Site 16 ^_ Site 17 ENNERDALE LANE ^_ Site 21 ^_ Site 22 DARCYS LANE![ Site 12![ Site 15 ^_ Site 14 FASHAMS LANE DOHERTYS LANE![ Site 23 ^_ Site 11 ^_ Site 10 ^_ Site 25 ^_ ^_ Site 26 Site 8![ POST OFFICE LANE ^_ Site 7 Site 9 Site 6 ^_ Site 5![ ^_ Site 24 DAWES LANE WOORNDOO-DUNDONNELL ROAD ^_![ ^_![ Site 4 Site 1 Site 3 Site 2 DARLINGTON-NERRIN ROAD DUNDONNELL-DERRINALLUM ROAD BARNIE BOLAC ROAD Legend ^_![ Wind Farm Boundary Random Sites - Stony Random Sites - Arable/Mixed/Semi-cleared Kilometers Figure 17: Location of utilisation survey points Project: Dundonnell Wind Farm Client: TrustPower Pty Ltd Project No.:9184 Date: 12/09/2014 Created By: M. Ghasemi