Native Americans. Doing: notes and foldable for NA Learning: the region, culture, and adaptations of 4 NA tribes Why?:

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1 Native Americans Doing: notes and foldable for NA Learning: the region, culture, and adaptations of 4 NA tribes Why?: Much of what the NA did is still used/done today Knowing their way of life will help us understand the conflicts they had with others Learning about other cultures helps us respect them It s important to know that not all Native American tribes were the same we can t lump them all together Settlement patterns/adaptations all humans

2 Bering Strait

4 Native Americans of the Northwest Alaska to northern California Ocean, rivers, forests Wet climate VERY wet Fair weather Plenty of plants and animals

5 Inuit Tribe Environment: Lived mostly in Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland Resources used every part of animal Sewed skins (clothes, blankets, tents) Fat for fuel Bones for sleds, tent frame, tools (knives, harpoons) Lived near water

6 Inuit Shelter: Igloos (colder) Animal Skin Tentssometimes with underground entrances! Food: Ate all wildlife around (whales, walruses, seals, salmon, caribou, polar bears, arctic foxes, squirrels, and birds)

7 Inuits

8 Inuit Traditions Women tattoo their faces Believe in an old woman who lives in the ocean and can cause storms or withhold animals if the tribe breaks rules Nalukataq- Whale Hunt Feastto please the spirits of the killed whales They toss people in the air from a walrus skin!!! Yippee!

9 Inuit Technology made dog sleds for transportation snow shoes kayak-type boats Traded with settlers; trading posts more fur trading, less whale hunting Eventually, had to find other ways to support their families- some worked in factories in cities

10 Inuit Conflict Russia claimed parts of their land, started hunting whales, and treated them harshly; many died (1700s) Alaska purchased by US in 1867; more people hunting whales; whole villages died Gold discovered in 1896 (brought a lot of people looking for gold) Had to adapt to colonization; many went to work in cities instead of their old way of life

11 Inuits

12 Tlinigit ( Kling-it ) Tribe Environment: Lived mostly in Alaska, northernmost part of the Northwest coast to CA; mild winters, cool summers, wet climate = plants! Resources Wood, plants= food, build shelter & boats animals from forests= clothing, blankets, Water from ocean, lakes, and rivers

13 Tlinigit Shelter: Long Houses large cedar homes totem poles in front of them Housed several families up to 50 people! Food Roots & Berries from forests Fish/sea animals Salmon-roasted, dried, smoked; all year Salmon Run- family could catch 1,000 pounds of fish

14 Totem Pole Cedar Plank House

16 Tlingit Able to focus on technology because they were set with food! Anything that makes your life easier Dams, salmon traps, canoes Tools: fish hooks, fish spears Waterproof clothes from cedar! Wealthy because of trade Waterways for transportation Traded extra food for goods

17 Salmon Trap

18 Arts and Crafts Beadwork Bag Beaded Band

19 Tlingit Traditions Potlatch: special feasts at which the guests, not the hosts, receive gifts (hundreds) family could take years to prepare for a potlatch honor new chief, celebrate wedding Each host tries to outdo other hosts Totem Poles- built to show the family history, honor chiefs, show status

20 Tlingit Interactions/Conflicts with others 1700 s Russian explorers come Cross the Bering Strait (It s there now!) Tlingit trade with Russian, French, Spanish, and English explorers Explorers/traders build settlements US buys Alaska from Russia in Alaska becomes a state of the USA Hard to keep way of life Some were forced to move far away from the ocean! 1971: passed a law that gave back to the Native American in Alaska over 44 million acres of their original homelands

21 Native Americans of the California-Intermountain Present-day California In between Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains, reaches into the Great Basin Many types of environments Great Basin =Extreme heat and cold; Limited rainfall= few plants/animals California= milder climate, more resources; huge redwoods, streams, grasses, shore

22 Pomos Environment California coast redwood forests, coastal waters, streams mild climate all year round Resources redwood and oak forests- shelter/food ocean/coastline seafood and forest animals clamshells for beads, roots for baskets

23 Pomos Shelter Cedar Teepee: center redwood pole, bark leaned up against Grass Mat Shelter: willow frame with woven grass mats laid over top Food: hunter-gatherers seafood: fish, clams, seals dried seaweed = delicacy rabbits, deer acorns, hazelnuts

25 Pomos Traditions made baskets out of grasses and roots Baskets were VERY important to their culture finest in the world made beads from clam shells woodpecker feather plumes in headdresses Kuksu ceremony- dancers represented different spirits Strawberry Festival- celebrate first spring fruits Acorn Festival- for fall

27 Pomos Technology used obsidian to make points on weapons Wealth & Trade used clam shell beads as a $$$ system kept on strings

28 Pomos Conflicts Made slaves by the Spanish, Russian, and Mexicans 1848 Gold Rush brings many people to land Bloody Island Massacre 1850: 100 die U.S. Army during Gold Rush 1850 s: rounded up and put on reservations Many destroyed by diseases brought by settlers

29 Native Americans of the Plateau Between Cascade and Rocky Mountains flatlands, rolling hills, gorges, forests Hot summers, very cold winters Light rainfall 2 large rivers (Columbia & Fraser)

30 Nez Perce Environment forests, rivers, grasses, lakes hot summer, very cold winter, snowy, light rain 2 big rivers provide water Resources rivers for water and salmon forests thick grasses

31 Nez Perce Shelter: Teepee: animal skins (summer, nomadic) Pit House: underground for winter, ladder down built with logs, sealed with grasses/dirt Food: Hunter-gatherers; semi-nomad fish, especially salmon deer and bears, jackrabbits grasses, berries, canna (lily) root

32 Nez Perce Traditions/History name is inaccurate: means pierced nose, but they didn t pierce their noses! Wore fringes and bead/bone-work- chestplates, bracelets and anklets for special occasions Wyakin- personal guardian spirit- protects and assists Technology dugout canoes- dug out of logs parfleche- large decorated thick hide bag to store food and clothing Wealth/Trade 1700 s got horses- famous for breeding Appaloosas Met the Lewis & Clark Expedition

34 Nez Perce Conflicts With tribes to the south in the Great Basin Nez Perce War: US gov t took their land because gold was found (1863) 6 million acres! US went back on its word to give it back/let them stay Chief Joseph lead Nez Perce against US Army about 700 Nez Perce outnumbered about 2 to 1 They lost, many died

35 Native Americans of the Southwest AZ, NM, TX, and northern Mexico Mesas, canyons, deserts VERY dry HOT days COLD nights (extremes) Not many plants or trees

36 Hopi Tribe Hopiti gentle people Environment: tall mountains, deep canyons, steep mesas; dry very little rain; few plants; Devil extreme temperatures s Towe (hot day, cold night); r blizzards & flooding Resources: Not many! stone, adobe clay (hardens like cement), mesas

37 Hopi Shelter: Pueblos Apartment style Made of adobe clay (mud mixed with straw = bricks) protection from extreme heat and cold No 1st floor window or doors Used ladders to get in Protection from invaders Food: Farmers Dry Farming-way of growing crops where there is little water Built dams and irrigation canals Planted special corn with deep roots (reach water in ground) Also raised squash, beans, and cotton

39 Hopi Used technology to help survive Irrigation canals Dams Successful farmers: could establish towns/cities didn t have to move around

40 Hopi Traditions: Kachinas (ceremonies and dolls) spirits that visit villages for half of every year There are hundreds of different ones bring rain to help crops grow Show people how to live, behave, bring peace & prosperity Hopi have dances and dancers to represent the Kachinas Other dancers are Tcutckutu (cause mischief) Kachina dolls made to teach children about the powers/abilities of each Kachina Pottery Based on ancient designs dug up by Hopi archaeologists Still very popular today Beautiful

41 Eagle Kachina Sun Kachina Clown Kachina

42 Hopi Interactions/Conflicts with others: Live side by side with modern cities Keep their way of life very intact Still have ceremonies, government, organizations People come from all over to see ceremonies One of the oldest settlements of US is a Hopi settlement over 800 years! Canals that the Hopi dug are used by big cities like Phoenix, AZ

43 Native Americans of the Plains Middle west from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River Prairie, rolling hills, black hills, grass dry Summers hot, winters cold (extremely) buffalo

44 Lakota Souix Environment: dry plains; grassy (farming hard) Hot summers, cold winters (extreme) Some rivers Resources: Buffalo (clothing, shelter, food) Horses (from the Spanish) Rivers with good farmland, villages

villages to hunt buffalo in the summer They lived in tepees as they followed

45 Lakota Sioux Shelter: Lodges Logs covered with dirt/grass/soil Only built villages near rivers (these places could farm) Tepees Men left their villages to hunt buffalo in the summer They lived in tepees as they followed the buffalo (transportable) easy to fold up Food: Buffalo (even dried it to make jerky!)

46 Lakota Sioux Technology: Tepees were an adaptation (transportable) Travois: sled-like device for carrying people and belongings Horses: Life-changing! 1500 s Spanish explorers came with horses Sioux tamed horses that escaped the Spanish Sioux stopped living in villages and followed the buffalo full-time! Rifles: also from the Spanish

47 Lakota Sioux Traditions: Winter Count: calendar of past year with important events recorded Men would meet every winter and decide what was important Artist would draw it on hide Studying them helps us know exactly what that tribe did each year! Pow-Wow: re-enact deeds of warriors, represent unity and life-cycle, to celebrate, to honor Buffalo was sacred Used herbs to treat sickness (main ingredient in aspirin!)

48 Lakota Sioux Interactions/Conflicts with others: Fighting was the way to prove courage Coup Stick: strike/hit Used in battle Bravest thing is to touch your enemy without killing him Didn t use the coup stick to kill Bows and Arrows Rifles from the Spanish Settlers moving to the plains buffalo losing land to graze Sioux were totally dependent on the buffalo! Would there be enough land for everyone???

49 Native Americans of the Mississippi River to Atlantic Ocean Great Lakes to Ohio River Valley; Appalachian Mtns. Eastern Woodlands Hills, mountains, valleys, forests, rivers, ocean 4 seasons Plenty of rain Plenty of plants and animals Had THE BEST pick of resources!!! 2 main languages: Algonquian or Iroquois Many tribes of each Tribes similar to each other (same area)

50 Iroquois (several tribes) Environment: 4 seasons; plenty of rain; forests, hills, rivers, ocean cold winters, cool summers; humid Resources: Had THE MOST Forests: wood, animals, oils, berries, syrup, vegetables, nuts, herbs, etc. Rivers, lakes, ocean: water, animals, transportations; Lots of seafood: shrimps, scallops, seals, etc. Rich soil: fabulous for farming (women were in charge of farming! EXPERTS!)

51 Iroquois Shelter: Longhouses Hoddenosaunee- people of the longhouse long buildings made of poles covered w/ sheets of bark can be be 200 ft long provided a home for several families Common cooking area in center aisle; separate living areas on either side of the aisle Food: Ideal climate for farming! (corn, squash, beans) fish, shrimp, seals, turkey, deer, beaver, nuts, roots, syrup, oils, fruits, herbs for medicine, etc.

52 Long House

53 Iroquois Technology: Canoes using 2 different kinds of wood (to make it fast and light) Wampum consisted of small, polished beads made from shells Used a slender drill to make holes in the beads strung or woven together into a necklace or a belt Given to remember an important event/special gift Started trading them to explorers for goods (like $$)

54 Wampum Belt/Necklace

55 Iroquois Traditions: Clan: group of families who share the same ancestors Clan mother- head of each clan clan mothers and other clan women chose the male leaders but if unhappy replaced him. Women held A LOT of power in the tribes Chose the male leaders and could replace them if they weren t happy! Hodenosaunee Trail- a trail that ran the main villages of all 5 Iroquois peoples.

56 Iroquois Interactions/Conflicts others: with fought with each other as things became more crowded Fought other tribes in the area as well If one person was wronged, it affected the whole clan so wrongs were punished War was a constant problem among the Iroquois people

57 Iroquois Iroquois Confederacy: 6 tribes or nations : Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, Tuscarora (joined later- 1722) Formed a union to stop warring all the time Great Laws: rules all Iroquois had to follow/ guidelines to living in peace Each tribe had a chief to make local decisions Grand Council: representatives from each tribe/nation came together Chosen by clan mothers Discussed and compromised Still exists today Does that sound a little like our government??

58 Powhatan Environment: 4 seasons; plenty of rain; forests, hills, rivers, ocean cold winters, cool summers; humid Resources forests, rivers, lakes, ocean rich soil- good for farming

59 Powhatan Shelter- mix between longhouse & wigwam bent wood frame, covered with bark/woven mats elongated like longhouses, though near water sources, built in villages (3-100 homes) Food: hunters, gatherers, farmers deer, rabbit, turkeys, ducks fish (sturgeon, pike), oysters, lobster, scallops corn, beans, squash roots and lots of berries

61 Powhatan Traditions women had power painted and tattooed face; decorative feather cloaks beadwork and basket-making (known for) courage, fighting honored chosen future leaders would be separated as boys from the tribe and left without food and forced into physical labor for 9 months (rite of passage)

62 Powhatan Technology dugout canoes war clubs, tomahawks, bow/arrow, shields Wealth/Trade Other tribes- used wampum, too can be used to show history, tell stories, or as gifts, too later used as money with European settlers Jamestown at first

63 Powhatan Conflict aggressive tribe; would battle others for territory or revenge; kidnappings (would fight with Iroquois!) Jamestown settlers- settled on their land; at first, they traded. tensions grew; Pocahontas saves John Smith John Smith leaves, trade stops English start raiding villages for food to survive kidnapped Pocahontas; peace tobacco ruined the land for Powhatans 1622 attack Jamestown, killing 347 settlers settlers responded by raiding & burning villages for 10 years; all Powhatan driven from their land

64 Powhatan Confederacy United under Powhatan (Chief) tribes used to fight with each other over 30 tribes; 10,000 people, hundreds of villages not democratic, like Iroquois; absolute power some joined, some were conquered Came together to fight against settlers Disbanded when wars came to end

66 Native Americans of the Southeast Ohio Valley to Gulf of Mexico Texas to Atlantic Ocean Rivers, valleys, mountains, coastal plains, swamps, jungles Dry (west) and wet (east) areas Everglades Hot weather

67 Shawnee Environment- originated in Ohio area (KY, TN) and spread from there hot summer, cold winter plenty of rain, humid forests, lots of water, good soil Resources- plenty of waterways for travel and fishing forests for food and shelter

68 Shawnee Shelter- Wigwams: cone-shaped (upside-down bowl) wooden frame covered in animal skin 8-10ft tall 15ft wide Food- nomadic/farming rabbits, wild hogs, turkeys, eagles, raccoons, deer. some farmed- corn, beans, pumpkins

70 Shawnee Traditions/History Famous Chief Tecumsah (greatest warrior) Spread far, nomadic, many different regions; interacted with many tribes; mixed with some! Cherokee-Shawnee Calendar based on 2 main seasons summer: Shewaki (grandmother) South person brings what will benefit her grandchildren 3 sisters (beans, corn, squash) grown winter: Pepoonki (grandfather) North person Brings cold weather, runs away before summer hunting/trapping Wind Spirits- Takwaaki (he brings sleep & well-being from the west) & Melo kami (he listens to prayers in the east)

71 Shawnee Technology variety of clubs, hatchet axes, bow/arrow Wealth/Trade wore fringed tunic/leggings came in contact with many different tribes traded with settlers/europeans; adopted their clothing- wore cotton shirts, trousers, turbans

72 Shawnee Conflicts Captured Daniel Boone! Told him to leave KY! (he escaped) 1778 Lord Dunmore s War 1774 along Ohio River (Shawnee lost) Revolutionary War- Britain gives all land to US (Native American land) 1782 Tribes band together to try to get US out of Kentucky and Ohio (N-W Indian War) Tecumseh s War ( )- same cause Forced west onto reservations

74 Seminole Environment hot, sticky swamps hot, humid summer; mild winter rivers, valleys, swamps, mountains sharp grasses and mosquitos- had to wear long deer hide leggings for protection Resources waterways/swamps- for food and transport jungles/forests- for food and shelter land good for farming

gathered, farmed rabbit, hogs, turkey, alligators, deer, turtles, fish

75 Shelter Seminole chickees- wooden posts support a platform 3 feet above the ground; palm tree leaf roof; no walls Food: hunted, gathered, farmed rabbit, hogs, turkey, alligators, deer, turtles, fish fruit, seeds, nuts, wild rice, mushrooms farmed, too- corn, squash, pumpkin, beans

76 Seminole Traditions/History made up of people from different groups/tribes (including the Creek tribe) Originally under Spanish rule Joined by escaped slaves later (HATED slavery) Face/Body paint, tattoos Scalp cap/small turban with feathers; smock-like shirts (knees); colorful & decorative Technology flat bottom, dugout boats (shallow waters) war clubs, spears, knives, bow/arrow Wealth/Trade influenced by settlers/european style clothing (traded cloth)- wore blouses, skirts, turbans, etc.

77 Seminole Conflicts Americans angry because of Revolutionary War (Native Americans fought with British) Took in escaped slaves (angered slave-owners) Jackson led attacks First Seminole War- ended in treaty, Seminole lost US bought Florida from Spain forced off land to a reservation in southern FL Second Seminole War : Seminoles fought back against treaty (bloodiest war against any tribe in history!)

78 Study Guide Notes For Upcoming Test *Most scientists believe to be the migration route of the most Native Americans by land from Northeast Asia, across a land bridge to North America, and then into South America. The Native Americans settled in arctic ice fields, mountains, and deserts.

79 Study Guide *Cultural regions are seven areas where Native Americans developed different ways of living. *Origin stories are tales that explain how Earth and its people came to be.

Location On the Map Notable Tribes. Environment Food Housing/Shelter. Clothing Transportation Government

Location On the Map Notable Tribes. Environment Food Housing/Shelter. Clothing Transportation Government Eastern Woodlands the part of North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. This includes the Lakes region and south to the Gulf of Mexico. o Algonquian o Cherokee o Shawnee o Seminole