A study on fastness properties of a Natural Dye extracted from. Pseudo-stem of Musa Paradisiaca on Silk Fabric
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1 A study on fastness properties of a Natural Dye extracted from Pseudo-stem of Musa Paradisiaca on Silk Fabric L.Ammayappan *, Ganesh Kumar, Dwaraka Krishnan, Department of Textiles, Rajapalayam Rajus College, Rajapalayam , Tamilnadu. Abstract A natural dye is extracted from the pseudo-stem of Musa Paradisiaca and it gave vanilla cream colour without mordanting and with mordants gave different colour in pale and light shade on silk fabric. After mordanting the light fastness is improved only in post mordanting method with ferrous sulphate and tannic acid and washing fastness is improved in pre mordanting method with ferrous sulphate. 1
2 Introduction Bananas are most widely produced tropical fruit grown in more than 120 countries, covering 10 million ha with an annual production of 88 million tones. India ranks first between 10 largest banana and plantain producing countries of the world. Bananas and plantains are grown in a majority of tropical household compounds. Banana and plantain are frequently used as a source of fibre. Banana fibre is extracted from dried petioles and psuedostems of plants and yields a fiber used extensively in manufacturing of certain papers, particularly where great strength is required. The paper is used for, amongst other things making teabags and bank notes. The fiber has numerous other uses including textile manufacture, for making ropes, strings and threads, and for the production of such handicrafts as basket, toys, tablemats, wall hangings and lampshades. Mechanical devices for efficient extraction of fibre from banana psuedostems have been developed by CIRCOT, Mumbai, which are likely to be commercialized. Juice of banana stem is well-known remedy for urinary disorders. It improves the functional efficiency of kidney and liver thereby alleviating the discomfort and diseased conditions. It has been found to be of great help in the treatment for urine and removal of stones in the kidney, gall bladder and prostate. (1) A study on extraction of natural dyes from the stem core of Musa Paradisiaca and dyed and its dyeing behaviour on silk fabric was done (2). Natural mordant was obtained from aqueous extract of banana flower petaloids (under pressure and evaporating to dryness) and applied as mordant (3.5%) for woolen yarn followed by dyeing with turmeric. This mordant does not cause any damage to wool. (7). This present study was aimed to 2
3 extract a natural dye from pseudo stem of Banana and dyed it with silk fabric with and without four different mordants in three different mordanting methods in order to get various shades. The washing fastness and light fastness of the final colour had also been assessed. Materials and methods Materials Fabric Bleached plain-woven silk fabric was used for this dyeing experiment. Prior to dyeing the fabrics were treated with an aqueous solution contains sodium carbonate (2gpl) and non-ionic surfactant (5 gpl) at 50 o C for 30 minutes then thoroughly washed and air-dried. Dye and chemicals The pseudo-stem from an unripe banana tree was collected and it was crushed by padding mangle in order to extract the juice and collected the extract in a stainless steel vessel. The ph of the extract was 7-8.It was kept under shadow and left for drying. The dry mass was used as the dye powder and it was weighed.the dye yield was 2-3%. For mordanting purposes ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate, aluminium sulphate and tannic acid are used. All others chemicals used of LR grade. 3
4 Dyeing method The dyeing was performed in the laboratory tub-liquor dyeing machine. The dye powder was easily dissolved in hot distilled water and it was filtered through Whatman filter paper No 1 and the filtered solution was used for dyeing purpose. Dyeing without mordanting The silk fabric was entered into the dye bath at 40 o C and the bath temperature was gradually raised to 95 o C in 20 minutes and dyed for 45 minutes. After dyeing the sample was taken out, washed with warm water, then cold water and dried at ambient condition. Dyeing with mordanting Mordanting of silk fabric was carried out with four different mordants i.e. ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate, aluminium sulphate and tannic acid in three different methods called pre-mordanting, post-mordanting and simultaneous dyeing and mordanting as per the literature. (3) Assessment of fastness properties Washing fastness Washing fastness of different dyed samples was assessed using ISO Standard Test No.2.The change in shade was visualized using grey scale and graded from 1 to 5. 1 indicates poor and 5 indicates excellent to washing. Light fastness Colourfastness to light was assesses by AATCC test method 16B-1977 and they were graded from 1 to 8. 1 indicates poor and 8 indicates excellent fastness to light. (4) 4
5 Results and Discussion A natural dye was extracted from the psuedo-stem of Banana tree and dyed with silk fabric using exhaust-dyeing technique. Four mordants i.e. ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate, aluminium sulphate and tannic acid were applied in three different mordanting methods. The various colour obtained from different dyeing method and their fastness properties were analyzed with respect to control sample. Effect of dye bath ph on Fastness Generally silk can be dyed in weakly acidic medium (ph 4-5) with all class of dyes because the electrovalent bond between protonated amine group (-NH + 3 ) of silk polymer and phenolate ion / carboxylate ion of the dye molecule (Ph-O - / -COO - ) occurred only at weakly acidic ph is formed at weakly acidic ph. (5) In order to ascertain the maximum exhaustion of this natural dye on silk, the silk fabric was dyed with this natural dye at different ph without mordant at 95 o C for 45 minutes. From table 1 it is observed that the light fastness of the dyed samples at different dye bath ph is same. But the washing fastness is changed from moderate to good with increasing in the ph up to neutral ph and it is declined above ph 7. The washing fastness is good at dye bath ph of 4-5 with dye bath additive of acetic acid which may be due to ionization of hydroylate / carboxylate ion in the dye molecule at acidic ph and bonding with peptide polymer of silk fiber. In case of change in staining, the staining of cotton occurred only at > ph 7.It may be due to inadequate ionization of the dye molecule under alkaline condition which leads to deposition as loose dye molecule on the surface of the fibers. 5
6 Effect of mordanting on final colour From table 2 it is observer that a varieties of shades in different tones are obtained using different mordants on silk fabric dyed with the natural dye. Without mordanting it gave vanilla cream colour in pale and light shade. It is also seen that a considerable change in tone of dyed sample with respect to mordants and mordanting method. With mordants i.e. ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate, aluminium sulphate and tannic acid gave yellowish, sandal & cream, sandal and grayish tone respectively. The variation in the shade and tone of the final colour may be due to variation in the intensity of coordination between metal ion and the mordant dye. (6) Effect of mordanting on fastness property Without mordanting the washing and light fastness of this dye is good and after mordanting the fastness is improved only in some cases. From table 2 it is seen that the washing fastness is improved only in premordanting method (ferrous sulphate) and light fastness in post mordanting method with tannic acid and ferrous sulphate. In other cases we observed that the fastness is either remained same or decreased by 1 to 2 scales. The decrease in the washing fastness may be due to the breaking of the dye-mordant complex during alkaline washing. Among the dye-mordant complex the tannic acid-dye complex faded more than other mordant-dye complex during alkaline washing and among the mordanting method simultaneous dyeing and mordanting method gave inferior fastness than other methods and it may be due to the formation of dye-mordant complex on the surface of the fiber which can be removed easily during alkaline washing. Since the dye-mordant complex has no affinity towards cotton, the staining on cotton fabric is less/none. 6
7 Conclusion The yield of natural dye extracted from pseudo-stem of Musa paradasiaca is 2-3% The natural dye gave vanilla cream colour without mordanting and with mordants gave different colour/tone only in pale and light shade on silk fabric. The maximum exhaustion of this natural dye on silk fabric is at ph 4-5. After mordanting the light fastness is improved in post mordanting method with ferrous sulphate and tannic acid and washing fastness in pre mordanting method with ferrous sulphate only. Reference: 1. Browsing from 2. Colour From Nature, Silk dyeing using Natural dyes, Volume 2, Oxford & IBH Publication Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, First edition, 2002, C L Bird, Theory and Practice of Wool Dyeing, JSDC, Yorkshire, Third Edition, 1963( ) 4. AATCC, Technical Manual (1977) 5. Trotman.E.R, Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibers, 5 th Edition, Griffin, London, K J Patel, B H Patel, J A Naik and A M Bhavsar, Man-made Textiles in India, XLV(11),2002 ( ). 7. J P Mathur and N P Gupta, Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research, 28(1), 2003(90-93) 7
8 Tale 1: Effect of dye bath ph on fastness properties of natural dye dyed on silk fabrics Dye bath additives ph Washing fastness Light Change in Change in Fastness Shade Staining H 2 SO CH 3 COOH + HCOOH HCOOH CH 3 COOH NaCl None Na 2 CO NaOH
9 Table 2: Different colour obtained and fastness properties of natural dye dyed on silk fabrics with different mordants in three mordanting methods Dyeing Process Without Mordanting Pre Mordanting Process Simultaneous Mordanting and Dyeing process Post Mordanting Process Mordant Potassium dichromate Light fastness Washing fastness Change in Shade Change in Staining Colour Obtained Vanilla Cream Pale sandal Tannic acid Brownish Grey Ferrous sulphate Mustard Yellow Aluminium sulphate Greenish Sandal Potassium dichromate Cream Tannic acid Grey Ferrous sulphate Yellowish Grey Aluminium sulphate Sandal Potassium dichromate Yellowish Brown Tannic acid Pale Brown Ferrous sulphate Pale Yellow Aluminium sulphate Sandal 9
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