Macmillan Computer Science Series Consulting Editor Professor F. H. Sumner, University of Manchester

Transcription

1 Macmillan Computer Science Series Consulting Editor Professor F. H. Sumner, University of Manchester S. T. Allworth and R. N. Zobel, Introduction to Real-time Software Design, second edition Ian 0. Angell, A Practical Introduction to Computer Graphics Ian 0. Angell and Gareth Griffith, High-resolution Computer Graphics Using FORTRAN77 A. N. Barrett and A. L. Mackay, Spatial Structure and the Microcomputer - Selected mathematical techniques R. E. Berry and B. A. E. Meekings, A Book on C G. M. Birtwistle, Discrete Event Modelling on Simula T. B. Boffey, Graph Theory in Operations Research Richard Bornat, Understanding and Writing Compilers Linda E. M. Brackenbury, Design of VLSI Systems -A Practical Introduction J. K. Buckle, Software Configuration Management W. D. Burnham and A. R. Hall, Prolog Programming and Applications J. C. Cluley, Interfacing to Microprocessors Robert Cole, Computer Communications, second edition Derek Coleman, A Structured Programming Approach to Data Andrew J. T. Colin, Fundamentals of Computer Science Andrew J. T. Colin, Programming and Problem-solving in Algol 68 S.M. Deen, Fundamentals of Data Base Systems S.M. Deen, Principles and Practice of Database Systems Tim Den vir, Introduction to Discrete Mathematics for Software Engineering P. M. Dew and K. R. James, Introduction to Numerical Computation in Pascal M. R. M. Dunsmuir and G. J. Davies, Programming the UNIX System K. C. E. Gee, Introduction to Local Area Computer Networks J. B. Gosling, Design of Arithmetic Units for Digital Computers Roger Rutty, Fortran for Students Roger Rutty, Z80 Assembly Language Programming for Students Roland N. Ibbett, The Architecture of High Performance Computers Patrick Jaulent, The Hardware and Software J. M. King and J.P. Pardoe, Program Design Using JSP- A Practical Introduction H. Kopetz, Software Reliability E. V. Krishnamurthy, Introductory Theory of Computer Science V. P. Lane, Security of Computer Based Information Systems Graham Lee, From Hardware to Software- an introduction to computers A. M. Lister, Fundamentals of Operating Systems, third edition G. P. McKeown and V. J. Rayward-Smith, Mathematics for Computing (continued overleaf)

2 Brian Meek, Fortran, PL/ 1 and the Algols Barry Morrell and Peter Whittle, CP/M 80 Programmer's Guide Derrick Morris, System Programming Based on the PDPll Pim Oets, MS-DOS and PC-DOS - A Practical Guide Christian Queinnec, LISP W. P. Salman, 0. Tisserand and B. Toulout, FORTH L. E. Scales, Introduction to Non-linear Optimization PeterS. Sell, Expert Systems- A Practical Introduction Colin J. Theaker and Graham R. Brookes, A Practical Course on Operating Systems J-M. Trio, Architecture and Programming M. J. Usher, Information Theory for Information Technologists B.S. Walker, Understanding Microprocessors Peter J. L. Wallis, Portable Programming Colin Walls, Programming Dedicated Microprocessors I. R. Wilson and A. M. Addyman, A Practical Introduction to Pascal - with BS6192, second edition

3 Design of VLSI Systems - A Practical Introduction Linda E. M. Brackenbury Department of Computer Science Manchester University M MACMILLAN

4 Linda E. M. Brackenbury 1987 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1987 Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Typeset by TecSet Ltd, Wallington, Surrey British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Brackenbury, Linda Design of VLSI systems: a practical introduction.-(macmillan computer science series) 1. Integrated circuits-very large scale integration-design and construction Data processing I. Title TK7874 ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook)

5 FOR my sons Richard and David

6 Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction Integrated circuit trends Choice of technology Design approaches The design process Organisation and notation Further reading 7 2 M OS Devices and Basic Circuits The MOS structure Conduction Threshold voltage Ids versus V ds characteristic for NMOS devices Characteristic equation for PMOS devices Principles of inverters NMOS inverter with a resistor load NMOS inverter with an NMOS enhancement transistor load NMOS inverter with an NMOS depletion transistor load Edge times for NMOS inverter with a depletion load Ratioed and ratioless design The CMOS inverter NMOS pass transistors Ratioless NMOS inverter CMOS pass gate Buffer circuits Further reading 44 3 Fabrication and Design Rules The MOS process NMOS processing The CMOS process Yield Electrical parameters 53

7 viii Contents 3.6 Scaling Design rules Stick diagrams Further reading 63 4 MOS Logical Circuit Design Combinational and sequential logic Random logic Pass transistor array Programmable logic array Static flip flops Dynamic flip flops Random access memory Further reading 103 s System Considerations System to logic translation Full custom and semi-custom design l Control Timing Testability Further reading A Design Example System specification Architecture Logic design Circuit design Layout, placement and interconnections Fabrication and testing 147 Index 151

8 Preface The wider availability of fabrication facilities has led to an increasing number of computer scientists and engineers wishing to learn about and participate in the design of silicon chips. This book aims to provide an introduction to all the stages involved in committing a design on to silicon, ranging from system considerations and logic circuits to the design of these circuits on each layer of silicon and their fabrication. The material is largely based on lectures given to second and third year undergraduates in the Department of Computer Science at Manchester University and aims to provide not only an understanding of the principles of the design procedure but also to maintain a practical approach. It is intended that the text should equip the firsttime chip designer with the confidence and competence to attempt to produce a working integrated circuit. Consistent with these aims, the text concentrates on safe design techniques. Also, in the interests of clarity and an improved appreciation of the principles involved, design features are usually discussed with reference to a particular example. The use of rigorous mathematics is avoided, since the accurate analysis of circuits is long and complex and often tends to obscure tlie essential principles. Only an elementary knowledge of electrical fundamentals is assumed. The text should therefore be suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students in electronic and computer engineering and allied disciplines. It is also hoped that the material will prove to be useful to those actively involved in chip design. I have gained much experience from undertaking a chip design. In this respect, I should like to thank Professor D. B. G. Edwards in the Computer Science Department at Manchester University for his interest and encouragement. I am also grateful to the Science and Engineering Research Council for the use of their facilities. Finally, a word of appreciation to my husband, Allan, for his help in the preparation of this text.