Design Research Methods for Systemic Design
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1 Design Research Methods for Systemic Design Peter Peter Jones, Jones, PhD PhD OCAD University, Toronto OCAD University, Toronto Institute for 21 Institute for 21 st st Century Agoras Century Agoras ISSS 2014 July 31, 2014 ISSS 2014 July 31, 2014
2 Before methods, contexts. Systems science has preferred theories for system description (explanation), prediction (control), & intervention (change). Contributions of modern design disciplines industrial, information, service design are marginal at best. Design as problem solving, or a process of system design Social systems design as a template for design thinking in complex socially constructed domains. Which are (now) everything.
3 Designer Hugh Dubberly (& Nelson) argues that design processes are embodiments of systems thinking. Banathy (& Gharajedaghi) advocate a designing orientation to social systems as designing. 22
4 Compatible philosophies, different generations. Participatory Generation: First Second Third Fourth Philosophy Rational 1960 s Pragmatic 1970 s Phenomenological 1980 s Generative 2000 s Methods Movement from craft to standardized methods Instrumentality, Methods customized to context Design research and stakeholder methods Design cognition Generative, empathic & transdisciplinary Authors & trends Simon, Fuller Design Science, Planning Rittel, Jones Wicked problems, Evolution Schon, Don Norman User centered & Participatory Design Reflective action Dubberly, Sanders Generative Design Service Design Systemic design Systems influences Sciences, OR Cybernetics Natural systems System dynamics Systems engineering System dynamics Social systems Soft systems Complexity Socio ecological Dialogic
5 Design doesn t really integrate systems thinking. Tendency to adopt system thinking as method. Systems thinking influenced management practices similarly. System dynamics too positivist, analytical for design. Externalizes systems as behaviors, but not artifactual Senge, Meadows ignored design thinking Incompatible with social systems Ackoff school was not methodological, or design endorsed Designers in practice often use what works & do not care about the pedigree
6 Design thinking also deals with complexity. Design must become more systemic as we confront wicked problems. Complex domains have > stakeholders Design 1.0 Design 2.0 Design 3.0 Design 4.0 Craft design, Advertising Industrial, Products, Web Organizational & institutional Distributed social systems Mixed stakeholders What are equivalent units in systems theory? 25
7 10 Shared Design Principles The primary aim the two systems of thought share today is enabling organized highleverage action in increasingly complex and systemic problems as design situations. Design Principle Design Methodologies 1. Idealization Guidance for complex systems design from systems, Iterationcybernetic & complexity principles. 2. Appreciating Complexity Sensemaking 3. Purpose finding Foundation Saliency Meaning making for practitioners to enhance 4. Boundary framing engagement Provocation and evolve strange making better practices. 5. Requisite variety Multiple perspectives 6. Feedback coordination Elicited Modeling from systems theoretic concepts, but 7. System ordering propose Structuring no new theory. 8. Generative emergence Future projection 9. Continuous adaptation Elements Multiple to reasoning form net modes new frameworks 10. Self organizing enabling Co creation integration of other concepts for specific design contexts.
8 Design methods by outcome intent Modes
9 Design methods associated with principles Principle Design Methodologies 1. Idealization Framing, Iteration 2. Appreciating Complexity Sensemaking 3. Purpose finding Saliency Meaning making 4. Boundary framing Provocation and strange making 5. Requisite variety Multiple perspectives 6. Feedback coordination Modeling 7. System ordering Structuring 8. Generative emergence Future projection 9. Continuous adaptation Multiple reasoning modes 10. Self organizing Co creation We might also observe design of: Time (4), Space (3), Information (3)
10 (Some) systemic methods by principles Principle Systems Methodologies 1. Idealization Dialogic design, Idealized design 2. Appreciating Complexity Problematique 3. Purpose finding Function hierarchy 4. Boundary framing Critical system heuristics 5. Requisite variety System modeling 6. Feedback coordination System dynamics 7. System ordering Process models 8. Generative emergence Cellular automata 9. Continuous adaptation Intervention (leverage points) 10. Self organizing Dialogic design, Developmental Eval
11 Possible system methods in design process
12 Design / Systems pairs D4.0 Policy / Dialogic Design D3.0 Org Process / Social Systems, Panarchy D2.0 Practice & Information / Service Systems D Product, Comm / Activity Systems 31
13 GIGAMAPPING 32
14 Activity Systems Analysis / as Service Journey I S O - O C R Copyright 2012, Peter Jones C R
15 Service System Design / As Work Domain Analysis 34
16 Adaptive cycles in organizational design 35
17 Dialogic Design in Policy Making What do we (stakeholders selected for requisite variety) agree are the deep drivers resisting change in the Canadian 36 healthcare system?
18 Shared wayview / systemics & design thinking Framing Refraining from premature problem solving Iterative inquiry Dialogic processes elicit depth of participation By participants with stake in outcome Selected for requisite variety to the problem Human centered across contexts Complexity embraced as reality in fuzzy situations Multiple design actions over time Temporality is critical to decision / intervention Understanding systemics does not assume design or action. Design actions need not be systemic in every case!
19 Design Languages for Systems Methods Rheinfrank, J. and Evenson, S. Rheinfrank, From Winograd, J. and Evenson, Terry S. Bringing design to software. New York: Addison Wesley. From Winograd, Terry Bringing design to software.
20 why has Systems Thinking ignored Design? Though a handful design thinkers have made some substantial contributions to systems thinking in general, hardly anybody has developed a systems practice from within design, specially informed by design thinking and design practice. This is remarkable when we compare us with other fields where proprietary adaptations of systems perspectives are normal. Birger Sevaldson, Oslo School Of Architecture & Design Giga Mapping: Visualisation For Complexity & Systems Thinking In Design Nordic Design Research Conference
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