Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E.

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1 Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E. Key Concept 1.1 Throughout the Paleolithic era, humans developed sophisticated technologies and adapted to different geographical environments as they migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australasia, and the Americas. I. Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunter-forager bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions. A. Humans developed increasingly diverse and sophisticated tools including multiple uses of fire as they adapted to new environments. B. People lived in small groups that structured social, economic, and political activity. These bands exchanged people, ideas, and goods. Paleolithic Era/Stone Age Mesolithic Era Neolithic Era, characteristics

2 Map Activity 1. Draw and label the locations of the six foundational civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Shang China, Mohenjo-Daro 2. Draw and label the following bodies of water: the four oceans, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, Panama isthmus, Suez isthmus, Nile River, Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, Tigris/Euphrates Rivers, Indus and Ganges Rivers, Amazon River, Mississippi River, Danube and Volta Rivers 3. Draw and label: Siberia, the Sahara, the Himalayas, the Kalahari

3 Key Concept 1.2 Beginning about 10,000 years ago, some human communities adopted sedentism and agriculture, while others pursued hunter-forager or pastoralist lifestyles different pathways that had significant social and demographic ramifications. I. The Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems. N 8-9 A. Possibly as a response to climatic change, permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. Agriculture emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River or Huang He Valley, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica and the Andes. B. People in each region domesticated locally available plants and animals. C. Pastoralism developed in Afro-Eurasian grasslands, affecting the environment win a variety of ways. D. Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop production, drastically affecting environmental diversity. II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies. A. Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the population and led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors and the development of elites. foraging pastoralism Domestication of plants and animals artisans

4 B. Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade and transportation. plow Woven textiles Metallurgy (the Bronze Age) wheels C. Patriarchal forms of social organization developed in both pastoralist and agrarian societies. Key Concept 1.3 The appearance of the first urban societies 5,000 years ago laid the foundations for the development of complex civilizations; these civilizations shared several significant social, political, and economic characteristics. I. Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished, including Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys N10-11; 12-13; Egypt in the Nile River Valley N16-18 Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley N24-25 Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley N20-22 Olmecs in Mesoamerica N70 Chavín in Andean South America. What are the characteristics of civilizations? Cities with a stable food supply: All produce agricultural surpluses that permit significant Specialized labor: with clearly stratified social hierarchies (workers, artisans) and an elite that enjoys an accumulation of wealth Complex institutions: political bureaucracies, armies, religious hierarchies, and trade networks Record keeping Advanced Technologies Art/Monument Building

5 FEATURES MESOPOTAMIA EGYPT Cities Large settlements Stable food supply Trade and communication Complex Institutions Religious systems Military authority Civil authority Economic authority Specialized Labor Division of labor Division of power Gender roles Class structure Record Keeping Statement of values Business records Legal records Continuity of traditions Art/Monument Building Literature Architecture Music Advanced Technologies Technical progress Technology and work Technology and settlement patterns

6 FEATURES SHANG CHINA MOHENJO-DARO Cities Large settlements Stable food supply Trade and communication Complex Institutions Religious systems Military authority Civil authority Economic authority Specialized Labor Division of labor Division of power Gender roles Class structure Record Keeping Statement of values Business records Legal records Continuity of traditions Art/Monument Building Literature Architecture Music Advanced Technologies Technical progress Technology and work Technology and settlement patterns

7 FEATURES OLMEC CHAVIN Cities Large settlements Stable food supply Trade and communication Complex Institutions Religious systems Military authority Civil authority Economic authority Specialized Labor Division of labor Division of power Gender roles Class structure Record Keeping Statement of values Business records Legal records Continuity of traditions Art/Monument Building Literature Architecture Music Advanced Technologies Technical progress Technology and work Technology and settlement patterns

8 II. The first states emerged within core civilizations in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley. A. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Rulers of early states often claimed divine connections to power. Rulers also relied on the support of the military, religious, or aristocratic elites. B. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food and experienced growing populations, enabling them to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. C. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. Compound bow and arrow Iron weapons (Hittites) Chariots and cavalry warfare (Assyrians) Crossbow and iron sword III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths and monumental art. A. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning. Ziggurats and temples pyramids Defensive walls Sewage and water systems

9 B. Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations. Cuneiform hieroglyphs pictographs Alphabets or quipu C. States developed legal codes that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people. Code of Hammurabi (Babylonia) Code of Ur-Nammu (Sumer) The Ten Commandments (Hebrews) D. New religious beliefs that developed in this period including the Vedic religion, Hebrew monotheism and Zoroastrianism continued to have strong influence in later periods. The Torah Book of the Dead

10 E. Interregional cultural and technological exchanges grew as a result of expanding trade networks and large-scale population movements. Indo-European (Aryan) migration Bantu migration Trade between Mesopotamia and Egypt Trade between China and Southwest Asia Greek Trade Networks N28-30 F. Social hierarchies, including patriarchy, intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied. Social stratification patriarchy Private property

11 INTERPRETATIONS EPIC OF GILGAMESH CODE OF HAMMURABI Main Ideas Cite two in complete sentences Sourcing (complete sentences) What is the historical situation or context shaping this issue? Who was the intended audience? How does the author s background influence his point-of-view? What was the author s purpose? (how did he/she hope the audience would respond)

12 INTERPRETATIONS BOOK OF THE DEAD HYMN TO AMON-RE Main Ideas Cite two in complete sentences Sourcing (complete sentences) What is the historical situation or context shaping this issue? Who was the intended audience? How does the author s background influence his point-of-view? What was the author s purpose? (how did he/she hope the audience would respond)

13 Compare and contrast Mesopotamian and Eyptian belief systems and the role of the state in society. UNIQUE FEATURES OF MESOPOTAMIA SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE CIVILIZATIONS UNIQUE FEATURES OF EGYPT WHAT ARE THE TWO STRONGEST SIMILARITIES? WHAT ARE THE TWO STRONGEST DIFFERENCES? IN YOUR OPINION, WHICH IS STRONGER: THE SIMILARTIES OR DIFFERENCES? THESIS STATEMENT:

14 INTERPRETATIONS MANDATE OF HEAVEN RIG VEDA Main Ideas Cite two in complete sentences Sourcing (complete sentences) What is the historical situation or context shaping this issue? Who was the intended audience? How does the author s background influence his point-of-view? What was the author s purpose? (how did he/she hope the audience would respond) Compare the Chinese version of the ideal monarch with the Egyptian and Mesopotamian views of kingship. Did each of these societies expect its king to perform essentially the same task? If so, what was the task? Identify and explain two ways Harappan civilization differed from the Chinese.

15 INTERPRETATIONS GENESIS THE BOOK OF JUDGES Main Ideas Cite two in complete sentences Sourcing (complete sentences) What is the historical situation or context shaping this issue? Who was the intended audience? How does the author s background influence his point-of-view? What was the author s purpose? (how did he/she hope the audience would respond) Compare the Genesis to the Epic of Gilgamesh on the basis of a) the reason for the flood b) God s treatment of humans after the flood and c) God s demand of humans Compare and contrast The Book of Judges with the Mandate of Heaven.

16 Personalities and Problems: Compare and contrast the beliefs and law codes of Hammurabi and Moses. UNIQUE FEATURES OF MESOPOTAMIA SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE CIVILIZATIONS UNIQUE FEATURES OF THE HEBREWS WHAT ARE THE TWO STRONGEST SIMILARITIES? WHAT ARE THE TWO STRONGEST DIFFERENCES? IN YOUR OPINION, WHICH IS STRONGER: THE SIMILARTIES OR DIFFERENCES? THESIS STATEMENT: