Philosophical Issues of Computer Science Artefacts in a technological domain

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1 Philosophical Issues of Computer Science Artefacts in a technological domain Instructor: Viola Schiaffonati March, 5 th 2018

2 Agenda 2 Goals of science Technology Technical artefacts and artefacts based services Technology and engineering

3 Goals of science 3 Description Collection of data Is complete description enough for a scientific account? Prediction Effort to know about the future Is a list of past, present, and future facts enough? Control Not just predicting, but intervening on the future Preventing and taking care of diseases Organization Interest in regularities and organizations of facts Explanation Not just description, but reasons (how and why) Connection between explanation and prediction

4 Some important consequences 4 At the end of Scientific Revolution No separation between theory and practice Episteme and techne (from Greek conception) Virtuous relationship between the invention of new (microscope) or better (telescope) instruments and the progression of sciences (optics) Technical knowledge is precise (as theoretical knowledge) and guided by precise theoretical principles and laws Increasing importance of applicative and engineering sciences within society Engineering scientists

5 Kuhn s The Copernican Revolution (1957) 5 Starting from astronomy and ending in physics

6 6 Kuhn s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Copernican Revolution as paradigmatic of scientific revolutions

7 Toward new models 7 Issues with traditional models of scientific revolutions (1960 s and 1970 s) Very general to be applied in any case Cases only from classical and mature sciences (physics, chemistry, part of biology, )

8 And technology? 8 Not only physics and biology The problem of its definition and its relationship with science Engineering knowledge and its relation with technology

9 Old style definition 9 Technology as applied science Why is misleading? Technology as tools and machines What does happen where technology is claimed not to use either tools or machines? Technology as the systematic application of scientific or other knowledge to practical tasks (Galbraith 1967) by ordered systems that involve people and organizations, living things, and machines (Pacey 1983) First science, then technology Instrumental view of technology Science aims to understand the world as it is, technology aims to change the world

10 Technology in the new wave 10 Technology as a practice focused on the creation of artefacts and artefact-based services Design process forms the core of the practice of technology

11 Analytical philosophy of technology 11 Philosophy should not ignore technology too! Before: philosophy of technology concerned with the impact of technology on society Now: philosophy of technology analyzing the practice of engineering, its goals, its concepts, its methods, and relating these issues to various forms of philosophy

12 Control and artefacts 12 Material products of technology amongst the most tangible results of the human efforts to adapt the world to our needs These material objects labelled as technical artefacts in the analytical philosophy of technology Material objects deliberately produced by humans in order to fulfill some practical functions Technical function: what is the technical artefact for? Physical composition: what does it consist of? Instructions for use: how must it be used?

13 Technical artifacts 13 Mutual dependency Technical artefacts as physical objects with a technical function and use plan designed and made by human beings We take the modern airplane as an example of a technical artefact. [ ] One may distinguish three different aspects, each of which is important when answering the question of exactly what kind of an object a civil aviation aircraft is. The first aspect relates to the question of the purpose served by planes (for example, they are used for transporting people). The second aspect pertains more to the aircraft s structure and to how it is built up (comprising a fuselage, wings, engines, ). Finally, the third aspect has to do with how a plane is used (describing, for example, what a pilot does to get it airborne) (Vermaas et al. 2011)

14 Design process 14 Needs or wishes of the customer translated into a list of functional requirements (design task) Functional requirements translated into design specifications Design parameters are combined and amended to have a blueprint of the design Blueprint contains all the details that must be known for the manufacture of the device (end result of a design process and not a finished copy) And scientific knowledge? Usually knowledge about the behavior of components and materials Much of this knowledge not directly available from the sciences, but generated within technology by the engineering sciences

15 Recurring elements 15 Artefacts (structures, machines, apparatus, manufacturing processes, ) Requirements (an intended function, economics of operation, safety to life and property) Theories (forecast their behavior)

16 Technology and engineering 16 Development of technology as a process originating within and guided by the practice of engineering Engineering as an activity that produces technology Technology as the practice of engineering

17 Engineering and technology 17 As a first approximation we might characterize engineering as an activity that producestechnology. Producing here is to be understood very broadly, including such activities as research, development, design, testing, patenting, maintenance, inspection, and so on. As we will see below, this is a first approximation at best. Nevertheless, it has the virtue of suggesting an agenda for philosophical reflection on engineering that is distinct from at least the traditional philosophy of technology. It means a shift away from philosophical reflection on technology as such, technological objects and the social, cultural, and political impacts of these toward attention on what engineers actually do. (van de Poel 2010)

18 References 18 Kuhn, Thomas (1957), The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought, Harvard University Press Kuhn, T. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Vermaas, P, Kroes, P., van de Poel, I., Franssen, M., Houkes, W. (2011). A Philosophy of Technology. From Technical Artefacts to Sociotechnical Systems. Morgan & Claypool.

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