Women s Entrepreneurship Research Agenda (WERA) 1

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1 Working Paper No. 2014/19 Women s Entrepreneurship Research Agenda (WERA) 1 Alicia M. Robb, Ph.D. 7 May 2014 The author, Thanks to Sarah Kaplan, Candy Brush, Susan Coleman, Jennifer Jennings, Susan Clark Muntean, and Sue Marlow for their input and suggestions in drafting this research agenda.

2 The Maastricht School of Management is a leading provider of management education with worldwide presence. Our mission is to enhance the management capacity of professionals and organizations in and for emerging economies and developing countries with the objective to substantially contribute to the development of these societies. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s). Publication does not imply endorsement by the School or its sponsors, of any of the views expressed.

3 Women s Entrepreneurship Research Agenda (WERA) 2 DRAFT Kauffman has an opportunity to drive data collection, research efforts, and policy around women in entrepreneurship. Governments are looking for direction in how to support entrepreneurship and women can be a stronger and better- articulated part of that story. Women s entrepreneurship, as a field of research together with its implications for policy and practice, still remains understudied and new research directions and leadership are needed. Kauffman could organize, facilitate, drive, and fund collaborative works that include all of the stakeholders of women s entrepreneurship: women entrepreneurs themselves, researchers, policy-makers, educators, counselors, analysts in international institutions, etc. The main goals of WERA are to create and gather knowledge and expertise that can feed joint learning, innovative practices, and evidence-based policymaking for successful entrepreneurship by women (and men). There has been too much ideological side lining of gender (and minority) studies from mainstream entrepreneurship. It is important to break up the monolith of "women's entrepreneurship". We need a more sophisticated way to segment different types of entrepreneurship and Kauffman could play a leading role here. As is, we confuse our results applying small business findings to high growth and vice versa. Relatedly, this would also break "ethnic", "immigrant" "women", "black", etc. from the gel that binds them due to our social construction of the entrepreneurship experience. Rather than perpetuate a gender 'ghetto' such that there are women investigating women and then reporting back to women about their thoughts and findings and gender, our research agenda would reject the assumption that the 'big' constructs, such as Entrepreneurial Orientation, Effectuation, Growth, and Exit are gender neutral. Much of the previous research investigates how women 'do' them and they then become a problem for women rather than a weakness in broader theorizing and, at the same time, direct more serious critiques of ideological assumptions of gender neutrality away from ontology and into a 'women s problem'. As described in Jennings and Brush (2013): 2 Thanks to Sarah Kaplan, Candy Brush, Susan Coleman, Jennifer Jennings, Susan Clark Muntean, and Sue Marlow for their input and suggestions in drafting this research agenda.

4 Entrepreneurship is a gendered phenomenon. Perhaps the most fundamental contribution of women s entrepreneurship research lies in acknowledging and documenting that entrepreneurship is not a gender-neutral phenomenon. Instead, entrepreneurial activity occurs within and is thus impacted by systems of socially constructed and widely shared beliefs about the characteristics typically associated with women and men and the behaviors and roles deemed appropriate for members of each sex. Moreover, many entrepreneurs themselves, as well as those who study them (including women s entrepreneurship scholars), can be implicated in these gendering processes and practices (Calas et al., 2009, p. 555; see also Ahl, 2006; Ahl & Marlow, 2012; Ahl & Nelson, 2010; Marlow, 1997; Marlow & Patton, 2005). Research Questions and Topics: How does women s entrepreneurship fuel social and economic development, including job creation and gender equality? What is known about the impact and effects of women entrepreneurship promotion (WEP) policies and support programs, especially around high growth entrepreneurship? How can private sector and public policy contribute to successful women s entrepreneurship? Policies and practices for women s entrepreneurship promotion: what is the evidence of impact? Private sector development programs: what are best practices and instruments that are effective for women entrepreneurs? Empowering women entrepreneurs in the value-chain: what are best practices and what are the challenges? What works in terms of Public and private collaboration and market driven practices for women s entrepreneurship promotion? How do we measure policy impact and what is the return of investing in women entrepreneurs? Policies and practices for female investor promotion: what is the evidence of impact? Measuring implicit (unconscious) bias against women founders and what to do about it (experimental research on the gatekeepers and funders) 3 3 Heidi=Howard refers to the study that shows the type of bias is alive and well. What is missing in much of the discourse that we need to face head on is that there is a PERCEIVED (not actual) competency gap. It seems to me much time and effort is focused on fixing the women (and fixing them to be like men) versus fixing the perceptions. Unfortunately gender bias and the competency gap occurs among women as well as men (women perceive other women as being less competent than men too).

5 What do women entrepreneurs need/ benefit most from in the incubation/ acceleration process? Since high growth entrepreneurship usually involves teams, we need to explore more about how women participate in teams, how team inclusivity matters (if at all). Household dynamics are critical - perhaps we need to stop focusing so much upon the individual woman as the unit of analysis [how many people begin and manage firms in isolation?] but increasingly focus upon their position in the household and how this influences resource flows - this analysis could look at both female and male 'headed' firms to unpick the contributions of household members per se - how household dynamics shape startup, growth, and exit decisions. INNOVATION: What is the nature of innovations that create a positive impact on women and gender relations in societies? CONTEXT AND TIMING: How conducive are the timing and social, economic and political conditions for the success of the innovation? INNOVATION SYSTEMS: Who are the actors in effective innovation systems shaping such innovations? DIFFUSION: What are the features of successful diffusion and adoption processes for such innovations? WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT AND GENDER EQUALITY: How catalytic and powerful are such innovations in advancing women s well-being, empowerment and gender equality? What do we know about corporate women entrepreneurs? Minority women entrepreneurs- Latina, Asian, Black, etc. anything diving deep into the industries where they compete, the challenges they might have that differ from other groups, influence of ethnic enclaves, family, etc. Women in family firms- virtually nothing on this- especially women succeeding to management or ownership in family firms Women franchisees- research is dated Women coming to entrepreneurship after taking time off from something (e.g. to have a family) In relation to households & entrepreneurial exits: how employment and selfemployment histories intertwine alongside personal characteristics such as marriage status, children, human capital, etc. Data gaps Need timelier data from U.S. Need high-quality data from outside of North America and Europe. Although studies set in Asia, India, Africa and the Middle East are on the rise, many of these tend to be single-case studies. We especially need more data

6 from South America. Gathering big data in difficult or volatile environments is likely to be unreliable and challenging so there is a strong case for smaller, in depth work drawing upon local resources, NGOs etc. might be organizations that Kauffman could link with? Data on gender or minority status among business incubators (including taxpayer subsidized ones), accelerator programs, or pitch competitions Other avenues to support the research agenda: Encourage specific threads of research to be explored at mainstream conferences. Fund smaller, regional workshops focused on women s entrepreneurship Fund best paper prizes at main conferences Sponsor a "Best Paper" award on the topic to be awarded at the Diana International Conference(s) (2016, 2018, 2020). Resource Library (E-Library, State of the Field) to document the story of women's entrepreneurship. Comb through all the research, articles and reports to find out what we know, what we have learned, what has changed, in terms of women's entrepreneurship. Goal is not to only collect relevant information and make it available widely, via the web, to multiple audiences, but to curate that information -- provide it in soundbites -- and integrate (or meta-analyze) what we know. This will take staff support to collect the information as it emerges, a professional researcher to curate the collection, and the tech front and back end to deliver it all via the web. A Fellows program for scholars who want to serve as bridges from academia to practice and to policy and public forum. A Fellows program could buy out some teaching time and cost would be relatively low. Funding and doing the development and dissemination of proven-toget-results programmatic material for use in women-only incubators and accelerator programs Funding Case Studies about Successful Women Entrepreneurship Funding Story Exchange, Blog Postings on Women s entrepreneurship More here: 4 4 Intros to special issues of ETP in 2006, 2007, and 2012 Ahl & Nelson (2010) Ahl & Marlow (2012) James (2012 edited book published by Elgar )

7 Note: The dominant normative focus upon the advanced western economy as the default site for entrepreneurial activity is limiting. Yet, given it is Kauffman s focus, we could perhaps enlist other foundations to support a similar, parallel effort in emerging markets (through GERN?). Since this is particularly relevant to advance our understanding of how women in developing/transitional economies [particularly, those in turmoil and conflict fuelling overt female subordination - whether as sexual violence, patriarchal oppression or socio-economic exclusion], negotiate the prevailing context. For many, their only option will be forms of micro enterprise undertaken in a context of threat/disapproval - this is very different from the focus of most prevailing work. Developing such analyses then advances how we understand the role and position of entrepreneurship in society.

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