DBQ Han and Roman View of Technology Anderson s Copy With Notes

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1 DBQ Han and Roman View of Technology Anderson s Copy With Notes KEY Contextualization Thesis / Topic Sentence Summary of Document Analysis of Document Source of Document Evidence Beyond the Document Reasoning In the Classical Period, new states and empires developed in a number of ways. Powerful leaders emerged and established themselves through the use of force as well as diplomatic means. As these states became more complex, their governments needed to find more ways to sustain their growing populations. New technologies were developed to aid in imperial administration and in some cases, to demonstrate the strength and power of that civilization through monumental architecture. The Han Dynasty of China and the Roman Empire of Western Europe are two prime examples of such societies. But people did not always view the use of technology in the same way. In the Han and Roman empires, some viewed technology as something that was to be used in practical ways to make life more efficient for the laborers (D1, D3, D6), while others saw technology not only as a means of practical living but also a way to demonstrate the strength and grandeur of that society (D2, D4, D5, D7).

2 In the Han and Roman empires, some viewed technology as something that was to be used in practical ways to make life more efficient for the laborers (D1, D3, D6). Doc 1 focuses on how technology should be practical in providing water to its people, and using just enough workers to meet the need. Nothing more, nothing less. He orders inspections of waterways, walls, dikes, rivers, canals, pools, government buildings, and cottages (D1). This official demonstrates the thoroughness and efficiency that was common in the Han government, and reinforces the focus on technology for everyday practical use. The Han government was made up of Confucian bureaucrats who were trained in the beliefs of balance and harmony. Excess and wastefulness are counter to the traditions of Chinese society, therefore their government would stress efficiency. Document 6 reinforces the argument in Document 1. Doc 6 also stresses a government official s viewpoint that technology should be developed to be practical and assist the common laborer. In this document, there is discussion of creating engines and agricultural implements that allowed people to enjoy great benefit for little labor (D6). Again, this shows the beliefs of the Han government that the government investment of technology is for the people, those who actually use the tools, and to make their efforts as productive as possible. Document 6 is a government-sponsored history, meaning it was a piece of writing that was endorsed by the Han government. We can trust that the attitudes of efficiency and productivity of the Han are valid and accurate, as this document was something that was commissioned by the government itself. Document 3 is yet another prime example of the belief of the Han that technology should be improved upon for the efficiency of those who use it. A basic tool such as the mortar and pestle was improved upon to increase efficiency, and later new investments in technology added animal power and eventually water power to such a simple concept. This increased efficiency ten times and eventually the benefit was increased a

3 hundredfold (D3). This document clearly states that the Han government invested in technology for the sake of improving efficiency. Doc 3 was written by Huan Tan, and upperclass philosopher. As a Chinese philosopher, Huan Tan understands the traditions of Confucianism and can speak first hand on the fundamental relationship of Ruler/Subject. In the Five Fundamental Relationships, Confucianism stresses that a society will be harmonious when the ruler treats his subjects fairly, and when the subjects obey the ruler. The common theme of the Han view of technology is a prime example of this belief. The Han government invests in technology for its people, and the people use the technology to efficiently benefit society. This would ensure that the emperor keeps his Mandate from Heaven. While some viewed technology as a means of efficient productivity, others saw technology also as a way to demonstrate the strength and grandeur of that society (D2, D4, D5, D7). This was the case in Rome. In Document 2, an upper-class Roman citizen named Cicero points out that all craftsmen spend their time in vulgar occupations; no workshop can have anything enlightening about it (D2). This is a clear indication of how the Roman government views technology as something that is not useful. The tools and the craftsmen who use it are viewed as lesser members of society. We can trust Cicero s viewpoint as an accurate representation of the Roman government as he is a political leader. Document 4 has a bit of a different perspective that Document 2 when Plutarch describes the beliefs of the Roman political leader Gaius Gracchus. Similar to the Han viewpoint, Gracchus paid attention to utility when building roads, but also wanted them to be beneficial to grace and beauty. He put in milestones to help with efficiency and practicality, but also made sure that the roads had a level and beautiful appearance (D4). This decree from the Roman leader is a prime example of how the Romans don t just want their technology to be practical, but it also has to demonstrate the

4 beauty and grandeur of Rome itself. Plutarch is a high official in the Roman Empire and therefore would have firsthand knowledge of the beliefs of that government. In Document 5, Frontinus gives yet another example of how the Roman focus was on practicality and beauty. He discusses the use of varying elevations of the aqueducts, the cleansing containers, and the calibrated scales all tools to ensure efficiency. But the use of the water in his city is not just used for practical purposes, but also to beautify and for pleasure. He also states how Roman technology dwarfs that of other major civilizations like the Egyptians and Greeks when he calls their structures idle and useless. (D5). Frontinus in the water commissioner and as well as a Roman military general. As a military leader, he understands the need for practicality and efficiency as this is a basic characteristic of the army. But as a Roman politician, he also gets that the technology has to be more than practical in the eyes of Rome. It has to beautify and glorify. Document 7 gives us a nice visual of the Roman roads as described in Document 2. Doc 2 shows the efficiency of the Roman roads by their use of drainage trenches in the roads and how they were built wide enough to allow sufficient travel. But they were also built with straight lines and stones that were of a generally uniform size. (D7) This road is not only practical, but it is visually appealing. The source of this photograph is from the BBC, a modern day British communications company. They are showing the image of a road that was built in Britain, an old Roman province almost 2000 years ago. And the road is almost 2000 miles long. This shows not only the practicality and beauty of a Roman road, but that it can endure for thousands of years. Another demonstration of Roman gradeur. Rome was an empire that was built on slave labor. Romans did not see a need to necessarily invest in technology when more food needed to be produced or when something needed to be built. When those situation arose, the Romans simply went out and captured more slaves. Slaves came from conquered provinces on

5 the outskirts of the empire from places like Gaul, Germania, the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, and northern Africa. The use of technology to display a society s wealth and power is not unique to the Roman Empire. During the early 1900s in the United States, wealthy business owners went on massive building sprees putting up skyscrapers in modern cities like New York. These Captains of Industry would include men like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan. They would build huge office buildings with practical uses, but they would also try to build them taller than their predecessors to show their superior power and wealth. In the same way that the Romans built monumental architecture such as aqueducts, roads, and buildings as a display of their power and grandeur, so did these powerful men in the United States. By definition, technology is simply the use of tools to improve the lives of those who use them. The government of Han China exemplified this belief. Rome on the other hand viewed their technology as something more. It was also a demonstration of their wealth, power, and grandeur. Technology can range from basic simple tools to large examples of monumental architecture. Technologies can be used to improve the lives of those who use them, or they can be used to project power. As states and empires developed, the use of technology was simply one of the ways that allowed their governments to centralize their power and maintain their control.

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