Study on. Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam s Optical Earth Observation Satellite for Disaster and Climate Change Countermeasure.

Transcription

1 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam s Optical Earth Observation Satellite for February 2018 METI Study Team PADECO Co., Ltd Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan Japan Space Systems NEC Corporation Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. Japan Space Forum

2

3 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Study Background, Objectives and Scope 1.1 Background and Objectives Background Objectives Content and Method of Study Present Status and Agenda on Vietnam s Disaster and Climate Change Actual Utilization Status of Optical and Radar Satellite in Vietnam Preparation of Long Range Master Plan for Vietnam s Satellite Remote Sensing Study on Next Generation Optical Satellite for Vietnam Study on Japan s Investment and Loan Scheme Workshop Study Schedule and Organization Chapter 2 Present Status and Future Trend of World Remote Sensing 2.1 Typical Earth Observation Satellite of the World Present and Future Trend of Remote Sensing of the World Continuation of Satellite Data Service Development in International Cooperation Open and Free Data is Becoming Available Establishment of Common Data Platform Emerging New Space Companies Development of Microsatellite Chapter 3 Current Status and Agenda of Remote Sensing in Vietnam 3.1 State of Utilization and Issues per Application (Natural Disaster, Disaster Prevention, Climate Change Forest Preservation, Agricultural Land Management, Land Use, Urban Development, etc.) Summary of Hearing Result from Relative Agency/University Result of Survey VNREDSat-1 System Operation, Achievement and Example of Utilization Outline and Plan of Receiving Station Facilities and Operation of Receiving Station Data Distribution Data Provision and Service of Receiving Station Application Current Situation of Remote Sensing Data Platform and Database System of Agency i

4 Chapter 4 Study of Introducing a Future Type Optical Earth Observation Satellite System 4.1 The Application Fields which should be Aimed at as Future Type Based on the Present Situation Background The Application Field for Constant Collection of High Resolution Optical Observation Application Field for Oceanographic Observation Application Field for Capacity Building of Internal Manpower in Space Field Examination of Observation Spectrum, Frequency, Resolution and Swath Background Frequency Resolution Chapter 5 Structure and Specification of Next Optical Satellite and Ground Facilities 5.1 Conceptual Design on the Future Type Optical Earth Observation Satellite Requirements Satellite Conceptual Design Function, Performance Outline and Main Specification Necessary for Optical Earth Observation Sensor Summary Performance and Specification of Satellite System Summary Reliability Design Ground System Diagram Important Concepts Overview Ground Station Satellite Operation Center Mission Data Utilization Center Compatibility with Other Systems One-Stop Service for Catalog Service Catalog Data Format Study on the Potential of the Electronic Equipment Industry in Vietnam Overview Preliminary Research In Situ Survey Summary and Reflection on the Potential of the Vietnamese Electronic Equipment Industry ii

5 5.7 Capacity Development (CD) Plan for Earth Observation (EO) Satellites Development & Utilization Purpose of CD and Expected Outputs Cooperation of Industry-Academic-Government / Management Consolidation in Framework Designing of Capability Building Capacity Building for Made in Vietnam Application and Utilization Trainings Based on Training Center for Space Utilization (Tentative) System Development Structure, Schedule and Project Cost System Development Structure Development Schedule Project Cost Chapter 6 Expected Social Benefit 6.1 Evaluation of Economic and Social Benefit Framework of Benefit Evaluation Result of Economic and Social Benefit (by Sector) Result of Economic and Social Benefit (by Beneficiary) Environmental and Social Considerations Laws and Regulations on Environmental Approval in Vietnam Environmental and Social Impacts Associated with this Project Chapter 7 Financial Schemes for Overseas Infrastructure Development 7.1 Japan s Financial Schemes for Overseas Infrastructure Development Grant Aid Private Investment Finance Export Credit Agency Financing Equity Back Finance Viability Gap Finance Scenario of introduction of Japanese Earth Observation Satellite to Vietnam Division of Roles among PPP Parties Concerned Division of Roles by Business Model Trade-off among Business Model Chapter 8 Road Map for Vietnam s Satellite Remote Sensing up to Background Background Purpose Basic Concept Practical Satellite iii

6 8.2.2 Technology Demonstration Satellite Ground System Capacity Development Chapter 9 Workshop 9.1 Summary Preparation Workshop Chapter 10 Conclusion and Recommendations 10.1 Conclusion Recommendation About Legal Scheme About Vietnam s Remote Sensing Organization Structure About Financial/Technical Assistance from Japan to Vietnam s Private Companies About Promotion of Earth Observation Data Application About Remote Sensing Business Development Appendix Proposal for Vietnam s Long-Term Master Plan for Earth Observation using Satellites iv

7 Chapter 1 Study Background, Objectives and Scope

8 1.1 Background and Objectives Background Vietnam is a narrow and long country lying along a north-south axis. The country has multitudinous climatic and geological conditions. As a consequence, Vietnam is susceptible to one of the highest incidence of natural disasters in the world. In particular, floods, typhoons, soil erosion, salt water intrusion, and other hydrological events are serious problems in Vietnam. In July 2016, flooding caused by a typhoon and heavy rain caused serious damage to the northern part of the country. This damage was compounded, in September, October and November, when flooding caused widespread economic damage and resulted in the loss of hundreds of human lives. Similar losses and damage from climate change are expected to increase. Losses from these natural and man-made disasters account for the loss of nearly 1.5% of Vietnam s gross domestic product, and loss of human life annually. In the 5-Year Social and Economic Development Plan (SEDP ), the Vietnamese Government gave high priority to the prevention of natural disasters. It is imperative that Vietnam establish and operate infrastructure to continuously obtain satellite remote sensing data to monitor natural disasters, which is considered the most efficient technology to achieve this purpose. Moreover, such data is also indispensable for the development of natural resources including forestry, agriculture and oil. The Vietnamese Government formulated the National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change in 2008 as a comprehensive national approach to climate change adaptation. In the program, the promotion of scientific and technological activities is listed as one of the most important ways to achieve this objective. In promoting scientific and technological activities, the creation of a continuous earth observation satellite system is recognized as essential to conduct monitoring, forecasting, and impact evaluation of climate change. Vietnam places importance on science and technology for national development, among which space development is considered to be a strategic technology. The master plan for space technology declared that Vietnam will build its own satellite by To this end, Vietnam committed to procuring a VNREDSat-1 satellite through an official development assistance (ODA) loan from France. As it has already been in orbit for 5 years the orbital life is coming to an end however a concrete follow-on satellite plan has not been confirmed. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI) has planned a feasibility study in regard to a next generation optical satellite for Vietnam since LOTUSat-1 and -2 which are planned to be launched under Japanese ODA loan are both Synthetic Aperture Radar satellites. The consultant team headed by PADECO Co., Ltd was selected and contracted by METI as the team for the implementation of the study (hereinafter referred to as the Study Team ). 1-1

9 1.1.2 Objectives Based on background as outlined above, the Study Team has conducted a study on next generation Optical Satellites in addition to Radar Satellites in order to attain a disaster monitoring and climate change countermeasure. The study includes the results and effectiveness of the VNREDSat satellite which has already been in operational orbit for close to 5 years, and presents a proposal for next generation optical satellite specifications. In order to study the requirements of next generation optical satellites, the present status and future trends of optical and radar satellites around the world have been collated, and taking the current situation of Vietnam s remote sensing into consideration, a long range master plan up to 2040 has been researched and proposed. 1-2

10 1.2 Content and Method of Study Present Status and Agenda on Vietnam s Disaster and Climate Change (1) Collect and Analyze the Following Information The main issues of each application area. (Natural disaster and Climate change resilience, Forest inventory, Agriculture management, Land use and urban development etc.) (2) Interview with User Organizations (Central Government, Local Government, Private Companies etc.) Actual Utilization Status of Optical and Radar Satellites in Vietnam. (1) Survey on the database and their related systems for utilization. 1) Utilization in each application area. (Natural disaster and Climate change resilience, Forest inventory, Agriculture management, Land use and urban development etc.) 2) Usage at user organization (Central Government, Local Government, Private companies etc.) (2) Survey of operational organizations, track records and actual applications for natural disaster and climate change with VNREDSat-1a and evaluate the effectiveness and proposed improvement. (3) The effect of the database and their related systems on disaster and climate change policy making Preparation of Long Range Master Plan for Vietnam s Satellite Remote Sensing (1) Socio-economic benefit of earth observation satellite overall inter alia optical satellite. (2) Determine the effect of next generation optical satellites on disaster and climate change policy making. (3) Operational performance of VNREDSat-1 (4) Operational performance of LOTUSat (5) Preparation of long range master plan integrating of all the aforementioned information Study on Next Generation Optical Satellites for Vietnam (1) Study and propose the following items for a next generation optical satellite: Major function, specification of optical sensor, basic satellite bus function, necessary ground system, data processing/management/distribution system, operation organization, points of disparity with the existing system and the possibility of co-operation. (2) Survey on Vietnam s electric and electronics industry on their latent capability for satellite onboard equipment as well as ground equipment for the mutual benefit of Vietnam and Japan. 1-3

11 (3) Determine the necessity of a capacity development program to realize long range master plan. (4) Schedule and procure a cost estimation for next generation optical satellite, lunch service, launch insurance and ground system (including satellite operation and data processing facility). (5) Environment implications of introducing a next generation optical satellite Study on Japan s Investment and Loan Scheme. Study on Japan s investment and loan scheme for the export of high quality information infrastructure and assess its benefit for the country Workshop A workshop is to be held in Hanoi to report the result of this study. 1-4

12 1.3 Study Schedule and Organization The study was conducted from June 2017 to February Study schedule and implementing organization are as shown below June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Survey on satellite usage :Field Survey Present status and agenda on Satellite Application Capacity Development Discussion on Next Generation Optical Study on Next Generation Optical Satellite Social Benefit Preparation of Long Range Master Plan Study on Japan s investment and loan scheme Workshop Master Plan review Workshop Final report Figure 1-1 Study Schedule Source: The Study Team Figure 1-2 Study Organization Source: The Study Team 1-5

13 Chapter 2 Present Status and Future Trend of World Remote Sensing

14 2.1 Typical Earth Observation Satellite of the World In this chapter, typical earth observation satellites from around the world are discussed. We selected those satellites which might provide the best point of reference for the study of Vietnam s next generation optical satellites. Also, satellites whose future deployment have been earmarked were selected. We divided potential candidates into, satellites launched and operated by the national space organization which provides continuous service, satellites owned and operated by a private entity with sales point of high resolution image and a compact build but with relatively high performance satellites which are expected to undergo further development as the New Space group. For radar satellites, a typical satellite is also shown. Figure 2-1 shows those satellites launched or operated between 2000 and Figure 2-1 Typical Earth Observation of the World Source: The Study Team Figure 2-2 shows typical radar satellites in use across Europe, US and Japan. The figure shows operator, radar frequency, ground resolution and swath width for each observation mode of spotlight, strip map and scan SAR modes. For Sentinel-1, WM denotes Wave Mode, IWS denotes Interferometric Wide Swath and EWS denotes Extra Wide Swath. 2-1

15 Figure 2-2 Typical Radar Satellites Source: The Study Team In regard to optical satellites, the first category includes satellites launched and operated by a government agency. Those satellites share the following similarities: 1) the size and mass is fairly large, and 2) in principle, their operation is continuous. This enables the continuity of observation of data across generations. Figure 2-3 Optical Satellite Operated by Government Agency Source: The Study Team 2-2

16 The following category is comprised of satellites launched and operated by private entities which base their business models around high-resolution performance. Typically, those sub-meter satellites are found to be fairly large in size and mass, with the exception of ASNARO (495 kg) and SkySat (156 kg). Figure 2-4 Very High-Resolution Satellites Source: The Study Team The final category is small sized satellites. These were found to be normally less than 100 kg in mass and have potential to become a candidate for New Space constellation as SkySat already is. Figure 2-5 Small Satellite Source: The Study Team 2-3

17 2.2 Present and Future Trend of Remote Sensing of the World This chapter discusses global trends in the development, operation and application of earth observation satellite systems around the world. Satellite image data usage is growing more rapidly these days across many application areas, and in association with this trend, various new activities have been observed Continuation of Satellite Data Service Most satellites launched and operated by European, US and Japanese government agencies are intended to continue current operations. Examples include the SPOT series of France, LANDSAT LDCM project, and ALOS series of Japan. For those satellites, mission equipment specifications are upgraded for next generation satellites based on technological advancements, however, at the same time, the preservation of continuity across generations is a careful consideration, as it is important to have basic continuity in order to detect changes over long periods of time by making comparisons with archive data. This is the primary mission objective for government satellites. Vietnam s status: As VNREDSat-1 is already launched and operational and its application has been broadly adopted nationwide, there will be no other choice but to continue to launch follow-on satellites. At the same time, as cloud coverage over the territory of Vietnam is said to be around 70% on average, SAR satellites such as LOTUSat provide important insights through its all-weather feature. There is no country in Southeast Asia with similar tropical weather patterns who have announced plans to launch a SAR satellite except Vietnam. Subsequently, it is highly recommended that Vietnam to continue to operate a SAR satellite in the future as well in order to position itself to become a hub nation in the region for SAR satellite database Development in International Cooperation Sentinel Asia, a JAXA led scheme which provides images to countries in the case of severe natural disaster and International disaster charter; is responsible for directing a worldwide scheme for providing satellite imagery to countries suffering the effects of a natural disaster according to the UN Charter. In addition to those as requested on the basis of cooperation, there is also a movement among countries to share observation data under mutual agreement between governments in order to increase the chance of accessing observation data. As an example, there are agreements between 2 French Plaiades satellites and 4 Italian COSMO- SkyMed satellites and 5 German SAR=LUPE satellites and 2 French Helios satellites. Vietnam s status: Low earth orbit satellites are inherently compatible with international cooperation efforts as they pass over the entire globe. By supplying its own data to another country, it is easier to procure another country s data. As mentioned above, in the future it will be possible to form 2-4

18 constellations with other countries. However, in order to secure such international cooperation, the enactment of space related law and regulations concerning observation data policy is inevitable Open and Free Data is Becoming Available As for government operated satellites, the Sentinel series of satellite is now providing open and free data in addition to the LANDSAT series. The rationale for governments for this policy is, that by providing free and continuous data, the industry will break into new value-added businesses resulting in the revitalization of data related businesses. However, it should be noted that data from those satellites is essentially medium to low resolution, therefore application is not suitable for every purpose especially those requiring very high-resolution imagery. Vietnam s status: for Vietnam, this has the potential to ignite debate about whether the country should continue to invest in the launch of subsequent satellites, or to rely on access to open and free satellite data from other foreign countries. This choice will dictate whether Vietnam continues to be a user country or take a role of owning and operating a satellite as a member of the world s remote sensing community Establishment of Common Data Platform Activities to formulate a satellite observation data platform is gaining traction across various countries. DataCube is one example and several countries including Vietnam are pursuing this activity at VNSC under agreement with Australia s CSIRO. This activity has been closely related with the aforementioned open and free data provision. Vietnam s status: Vietnam is one of the leading countries in this respect as mentioned above. JAXA has also signed an agreement with VNSC to provide ALOS-2 data to Vietnam through DataCube. This trend may lead to the realization of a country-wide data platform to store and distribute satellite observation data, something which is currently accomplished across a variety of separate user ministries and organizations Emerging New Space Companies Private enterprise such as Planet Labs of the US has already established a data service using small but high resolution, temporal frequency of observation is drastically improved. Thus, direct competition with conventional satellites is expected to increase. 2-5

19 Vietnam s status: As will be discussed later, it will be quite some time before Vietnam becomes capable of building a satellite which is usable as a practical satellite. Vietnam is expected to amass the technology and experience through small satellite design, manufacturing, testing and operation to realize the target of: satellites made in Vietnam. Therefore, New Space activity seems relatively irrelevant to Vietnam at this point in time. However, supplying certain onboard components for use on satellites, or acquiring partial ownership of a constellation by equity participation, may be a more immediate target Development of Microsatellite In many countries, many small or microsatellites are being developed and launched and the number of such satellites is increasing year by year. This trend is preferable since such activities lead to the advancement of space/satellite technology which then benefit both advanced and new comer nations. Vietnam s status: It is highly recommended that the country continue to invest in the development of microsatellites such as Micro Dragon (now under development in partnership with Japanese Universities). The shortest path for Vietnam to acquire technology and experience and to break into the business of Practical Satellites in the future is to master satellite design, manufacturing, testing and operation.. 2-6

20 Chapter 3 Current Status and Agenda of Remote Sensing in Vietnam

21 According to the online Vietnam government portal, there are 22 distinct agencies at the Ministry/Ministry level and 8 governmental agencies as shown in Table 3-1. Vietnam Government Portal: Table 3-1 Vietnam Government Agency Ministries and Ministry-level agencies 1 Ministry of National Defense 2 Ministry of Public Security 3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4 Ministry of Justice 5 Ministry of Finance 6 Ministry of Transport 7 Ministry of Construction 8 Ministry of Education and Training 9 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) 10 Ministry of Planning and Investment 11 Ministry of Industry and Trade 12 Ministry of Health 13 Ministry of Science and Technology 14 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) 15 Ministry of Information and Communications 16 Ministry of Home Affairs 17 Government Inspectorate 18 State Bank of Viet Nam 19 Committee on Ethnic Minority Affairs 20 Government Office 21 Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs 22 Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism Government s Agencies 1 Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration 2 Vietnam Social Security 3 Vietnam News Agency 4 Voice of Vietnam 5 Vietnam Television Station 6 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 7 Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 8 Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum Management 3-1

22 The research institutions and departments under VAST, MARD, MONRE highlighted in Table 3-1 have been using a lot of Satellite data in their daily work for disaster monitoring and refining the climate change strategy. In this survey, we conducted a hearing regarding the current status and agenda of remote sensing in Vietnam according to application (Natural Disaster, Disaster Prevention, Climate Change, Forest Preservation, Agricultural Land Management, Land Use, Urban Development and others) from 12 operational agencies and universities currently utilizing satellite data under MARD, MONRE, VAST and others. SUBJECT Satellite Data Utilization and Issues Vietnam Satellite VNREDSat-1 1) Operation Structure 2) Operational Results 3) Application Examples 4) About Database and System for Satellite data in Vietnam Agencies and Universities 1. MARD 1) Center for Informatics and Statistics (CIS) 2) National Institute of Agricultural Planning and Projection (NIAPP) 3) Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) 2. MONRE 1) Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) 2) National Remote Sensing Department (NRSD) 3. VAST 1) Vietnam National Space Center (VNSC) 2) Institute of Geography (IG) 3) Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics (IMGG) 4) Space Technology Institute (STI) 5) Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS-VAST) 4. Universities & Institutes 1) Hanoi University of Mining and Geology 2) Thuyloi University 3-2

23 3.1 State of Utilization and Issues according to Application (Natural Disaster, Disaster Prevention, Climate Change Forest Preservation, Agricultural Land Management, Land Use, Urban Development, etc.) Summary of Hearing Result from Relative Agency/University Table 3-2 Satellite Data and Application used in Vietnam shows the main purpose of satellite data utilization and application per sensor (optical or SAR) according to findings from discussions with 12 agencies/universities. Table 3-2 Satellite Data and Application used in Vietnam Name of Institute / University Major Aplication MARD MONRE VAST Institute of Marine National Remote VNSC Institute of CIS 1 NIAPP FIPI DONRE Geology and Sensing Department Geography Geophysics research, Satellite data development, Monitoring and Agricultural Land Management Mapping & Disaster Forest Inventory Land Management receipt, process and application and Management of Statistics (Crop Monitoring) Management provision training of Satellite Water (Marine) Technology STI Research and technology of Remote Sensing Un ive rsity Hanoi University of IGS-VAST Thuyloi University Mining and Geology Coastal Monitoring Natural Resources, Coastal Monitoring & Disaster Mapping & & Climate Change Management Landslide SPOT 2 〇 VNREDSat-1 GeoEye QuickBird Optic al IKONOS ASTER Landsat 2 〇〇 MODIS 〇〇 Sate llite Data GCOM-C NOAA/VNIR Sentinel-2A 〇 GOSAT 3 COSMO-SkyMed 〇 Radarsat-1 SAR ALOS-1 ALOS-2 〇 TerraSAR-X Sentinel-1 4 ENVISAT Source: The Study Team *Satellite data highlighted in yellow is free. *The operation of Satellites highlighted in red has been discontinued. 1 CIS does not use and/or analyze Satellite data, but they had experience estimating Paddy Rice Planted Area using SAR with the Software INAHOR. * INAHOR : International Asian Harvest Monitoring system for Rice 2 FIPI makes the forest inventory by using LANDSAT Data every 5 years. 3 FIPI uses Greenhouse Gas Inventory to be creased from GOSAT. 4 NRSD is considering receiving Sentinel-1 data to create a level of redundancy for backup in the future. The results of survey reveal that the main sources of satellite data were LANDSAT, Sentinel-2A and others through which data is presently free and many of those users expressed a desire to access more precise information in the future. Figure 3-1 Required Specification of Data for future shows the relation between application and satellite data resolution, and the application(s) which require more high-resolution data in the future. 3-3

24 Figure 3-1 Required Specification of Data for future Source: The Study Team In addition, Figure 3-2 shows a comparative ratio of Vietnam s utilization of Optical data and SAR data. Figure 3-2 Present Status of Satellite Data Utilization between Optical and SAR Source: The Study Team 3-4

25 3.1.2 Result of Survey The results of the hearing conducted with the aforementioned12 agencies/universities appears below. 1. Center for Informatics and Statistics (CIS) Date 2017/06/27 (Tue) Place Center for Informatics and Statistics (CIS) Attendees Dr. Ngo The Hien, Dr. Nguyen Hoai Nam PADECO (Kanai, Akasaka, Fujiwara), NEC (Sakagami), RESTEC (Kushiyama, Ito) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d N/A Agenda Profile Established: 2010 for the oversight of Information Management Systems under MARD Task: Operational administrative of statistical survey for agricultural products by online system. 63 provinces involved in this system Statistical information regarding coffee, rice, cassava, etc. sent only from each province per month No use of satellite data at present due to non-operational agency Considering use of satellite data and they have already undertaken GIS & Remote Sensing Training under the ADB project. Summary & Q&A 1. The following shows satellite data utilization per application in Vietnam. Management of coffee fields Disaster Management Agriculture Monitoring Environment Monitoring Marine Resource Monitoring 2. Satellite Data used in Vietnam MODIS LANDSAT Sentinel-2A Sentinel-1A 3. Role of CIS 3-5

26 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan Centralized management of information from 63 provinces Database Management Website Management Crop Estimation Management of Library of ministries and agencies *The CIS has managed IT application, server room and dedicated line among government-affiliated agencies. 4. Remote Sensing (Satellite Data) Processing Software INAHOR provided in the training of Remote Sensing *INAHOR (International Asian Harvest Monitoring system for Rice) 5. Project (ADB Project) Technical support project for planned area and yield estimation of paddies 6. Frequency of Information Gathering To need the information in about 6 days for the target area, even in wide areas. 7. Plan for future Appling technology transfer concerning statistical information management to AIT (Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok) *Fund by AIT, Images from JAXA 8. Others A plan for exchanging a MOU for forest inventory documentation and management between VNSC-FIPI and New Data Center establishment in FIPI No answer Participation in PPI (Private-Public Initiative) 3-6

27 2. National Institute of Agricultural Planning and Projection (NIAPP) Date 2017/06/27 (Tue) Place National Institute of Agricultural Planning and Projection (NIAPP) Attendees Dr. Nguyen Quang Dug, 2 others PADECO (Kanai, Akasaka, Fujiwara), NEC (Sakagami), RESTEC (Kushiyama, Ito) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d N/A Agenda Profile Established: Established in September 1961 under MARD Task: The NIAPP s main task is to research, survey, evaluate and protect all agricultural-related natural resources, such as land, water, etc. as well as to formulate and implement strategies for agricultural and rural development accompanied by the protection of the environment. This development has to be in line with the general strategy for national socio-economic development. To conduct scientific research activities to form the basis for agricultural zoning and planning. To conduct baseline surveys (thematic mapping, soil mapping, etc.), assessment of agriculture-related resources, and longterm anticipation of agricultural production and rural development. To conduct agricultural zoning at national and provincial levels To plan agricultural production for agricultural production specialized zones and district level in terms of field preparation, irrigation, transport, forest belts, etc. To conduct contract-based activities relate to investment projects for agriculture and rural development. To prepare technical dossiers, guidelines, etc. Staff: about 400 Professor 1 Doctor 18 Master s Degree 97 Others 270 GIS Personnel 13 in Hanoi 6-7 in Ho Chi Minh 3-7

28 Summary & Q&A 1. There are 3 offices in Hanoi (Headquarters), Ho Chi Minh, Mekong River. 2. Satellite Data Utilization To have used Optical and Radar (SAR) data in the past Application 1) Resource Exploration 2) Planning for Land Use 3) Soil Quality Survey 4) Rural Development 3. Satellite data has been used for climate change and disaster prevention since SAR data is used for Rice field monitoring due to weather conditions. 5. The scale of Land Use Map is 1/50,000 and 1/10,000. These scale maps are updated weekly in the interval of 5-10 years. 6. To make a cadastral map for 63 provinces. Practical Case 1. To use satellite data for crop monitoring. Vietnam is the world s second largest coffee producing country. *G4AW (Value added service) This service is to provide the price of coffee to farmers by SMS. About 100,000 farmers as well as private companies participate in this service. 2. To take part in RIICE (Remote sensing-based Information and Insurance for Crops in Emerging economies) from 2015 to For 10 provinces, initially CosmoSky-med data was used but they changed to Sentinel-1A due to budgetary considerations. 3. To use VNREDSat-1 for Sustainable Agriculture Transformation Project from 2016 to To update National Atlas for Agriculture (Map) every 5 years. 5. To use SAR data for Regional Drought and Crop Yield Information System and Land Cover Monitoring System. 6. Project of Flash Flood Zones Research from 2014 to 2015 with MONRE 1) Topographic Map (1/50,000, 1/100,000 scale) Data: SPOT-4/5, LANDSAT-7/8, QuickBird, Sentinel-2A 2) Rice Monitoring, Drought/Flood Monitoring Data: MODIS, LANDSAT 3-8

29 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan 3) Landslide/forest fire warning (hot spot detection system) Monitoring by MODIS over 605,000 points 7. VNREDSat-1 The NIAPP has not used data from VNREDSat-1 so often due to the following reasons: Price Swath It take days to cover the target area. NIAPP want to cover the area in 6 days even if the area is wide. 8. Required Specifications High resolution image for coffee field monitoring Currently achieved using data from WorldView. DEM required for mapping. Accordingly, the satellite must have a stereo observing function. 9. Others 1) The MARD is calling for PPP (Public-Private-Partnership). 2) NIAPP provide the information about the price of coffee beans for a VND7,000 subscription fee. About 100,000 farmers have joined this service at present. 3) The AEON group of Japan has participated in the Green Vegetable project. No answer PPP Participation 3-9

30 3. Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) Date 2017/7/03 (Mon) Place Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) Attendees Nguyen Dinh Hung and another person PADECO (Akasaka, Hattori, Kobayashi), RESTEC (Ito, Nakabayashi) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d N/A Agenda Profile Established: January 1961 Task: The Forest Inventory and Planning Institute is a public non-business unit under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development which is responsible for conducting basic surveys on forest resources, forest planning and design and forest land, scientific research and technology transfer; training and international cooperation, consultancy and services on forestry techniques across the whole country. To elaborate and submit to the Ministry on the baseline survey Regarding forestry planning Forestry design To build, update, maintain and manage a database on national forest resources. On research and application of science and technology Training, fostering, professional training on forest investigation and planning in accordance with the law and assigned by the Minister. Cooperate with national and international organizations on forest investigation, planning, forest environment, climate change and forestry development. Lead the implementation of investment programs and projects into the Institute. To decide to invite foreign experts and scientists into Vietnam and send officials and employees abroad to work according to the provisions of law and decentralize the management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. To manage, build and develop the Vietnam Forest Resources Museum. Regarding consultancy, services and technology transfer Scientific, technological and environmental information Staff: About 700 Post-graduate

31 University Degree 264 Technicians and Technical Worker 415 Summary & Q&A 1. Main Task To completes a forest inventory every 5 years Landsat, SPOT Landsat, SPOT Landsat TM SPOT-, Landsat Currently being updated 2. There are 3 centers in Hanoi and information is shared among them. 3. Main Satellite Data LANDSAT, SPOT-4/5 for management and update of Forest Inventory FIPI doesn t use SAR data and only uses optical satellite images. 4. Main Application Forest Fire, Fisheries Management, Rice Monitoring *The agricultural sector is not as a routine work but as a project. 5. There is no use of data except remote sensing. 6. VNREDSat-1 It is difficult to set as the main source of data because its coverage seems to be only 10-15% of Vietnam. 7. Do you have multiple layers for the map? We think that we need 1/10,000 scale map in Vietnam for the future but a 1/100,000 scale map made using the low-resolution data from LANDSAT, Sentinel is sufficient for present needs. 8. About carbon stock The Vietnam government used our data for developing the forest management system from 1990 to 2010 and we used only sample data of forest inventory to count greenhouse gas (GHG) protocol carbon stock decided by UN Climate Change Conference. Therefore, we don t have an inventory of carbon stock. We use Greenhouse Gas Inventory created by GOSAT of JAXA. 9. Required Specifications Sensor Specification same as SPOT level 1) Resolution: 2-5 m (relevant to 1/10,000 scale) 2) Swath: Km 3) Band combination: same as SPOT End User of Forest Inventory 3-11

32 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan Main users are the Vietnam Government. We also provide it to non-governmental organizations like universities and provinces. 11. As the Vietnam participates in REDD+, the government uses our data to inform monitoring reports. 12. Analysis Software Erdas Imagine, e-cognition 13. FIPI doesn t carry out forest fire monitoring this is handled by another agency. No answer Training for Radar (SAR) data utilization, Capacity Building 3-12

33 4. Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) Date 2017/6/28 (Wed) Place Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) Attendees Dr. Van Hung Tien, 7 others PADECO (Kanai, Akasaka, Fujiwara), NEC (Sakagami), RESTEC (Ito) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) N/A rec d Agenda Profile Established: 2002 Task: The DONRE is engaged in work related to Natural Resources and Environment under MONRE in Ho Chi Minh. The following figure shows the relation between DONRE and Ho Chi Minh city. MONRE HCMC DONRE Managing Land Management Environment Management Remote Sensing Land Management Land Priceing Land Compensation Environmental Protection Mineral Resource Management Climate Change Management Solid Waste Management Figure 3-3 The Relation between DONRE and Ho Chi Minh City Source: DONRE Summary & Q&A 1. Application Land Subsidence Monitoring by the InSAR technology of SAR Land Management (Mapping) by high resolution satellite data *DONRE purchase GeoEye data for US$250, every year. 1) Area purchased: about 3,000 Km 2 2) Budget: MONRE is approaching the World Ban. 2. Topographic Map We make a 1/2,000 scale topographic map over Ho Chi Minh city by aerial photos. 3. Required Specification We need 20-50cm resolution satellite data for urban planning, etc. in the future. 4. Application of Satellite Data used in the past 1) Railroad 2) Flood and Inundation Monitoring 3-13

34 Annual Budget Expectation s for Japan 5. The DEM is required for urban planning, disaster monitoring, etc. 6. DONRE are considering using LiDAR to enhance accuracy in urban planning. 7. DONRE are also considering using satellite data for Land price (Land valuation). 8. Application of Environment Fields 1) Environment Monitoring (Environment Preservation) 2) Water Pollution Monitoring Natural Resource Management 3) Island Management 4) Waste Management 9. Required Specification Higher-resolution data in the case of optical sensor is required. (20-50 cm for urban planning, land use) Stereo Pair Function in the satellite No answer Technology Transfer Capacity Building using satellite data Technique to create DEM SAR data analysis technology 3-14

35 5. National Remote Sensing Department (NRSD) Date 2017/7/03 (Mon) Place National Remote Sensing Department Attendees Nguyen Ngoc Quan, 2 others PADECO (Akasaka, Hattori, Kobayashi), RESTEC (Ito, Nakabayashi) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d N/A Agenda Profile Established: August 2013 Task: NRSD have 4 major tasks. Management of remote sensing ground stations network, national remote sensing database, exploitation and using national remote sensing data; management of remote sensing technology application and development across the entire country Collecting and analyzing remote sensing data requirements from various organizations and users, development of acquisition and processing plans annually and every 5 years Establishment, updating, management and operation of national remote sensing database and metadata; data publishing and provisioning to agencies, organizations in accordance with regulations of Law Evaluation and making comments on programs and projects using government budget to purchase data from foreign providers Summary & Q&A 1. Outline and Plan of Receiving Station The receiving station was established in 2007 and started receiving the data from SPOT-2, 4, 5 and ENVISAT (ASAR, MERIS). The data reception from SPOT was suspended in 2012 and the station has currently only receiving data from VNREDSat-1. NRSD plans to receive data from SPOT-6 and 7 in 2018 with funding from World Bank ODA. In addition, NRSD is considering establishing the receiving station for SAR data from Sentinel-1 and LOTUSat-1 as a backup center under the control of NRSD. Facilities and Operation of Receiving Station 1) Antenna: 1 (5.4 m in diameter) 2) Elevation Ange:

36 3) System of Data Reception and Processing Airbus Original under the contract with Airbus 4) Observation Command STI (Space Technology Institute) 5) Data Reception VNREDSat-1 Data Distribution Price is decided by Ministry of Finance Order Receiving Time: before 72 hours Delivery: 3 days Data Sales Territory 1) SPOT and ENVISAT Limitation were placed on sales territory in regard to exporting the data to China, Lao, Cambodia, etc. 2) VNREDSat-1 There is no limitation for data sales because of own satellite. Raw Data All raw data received at the receiving station has to be provided to Airbus under contract. Emergency Observation The emergency observation request should be sent to STI within 24 hours and the data will be delivered within 6 hours after the data reception. Data Delivery Method FTP, Media (DVD, CD Rom) Data Processing Software PROVIZIO (Airbus Original): VNREDSat-1 Processing Tool-Plugin EARDAS Imagine 2. Data Provision and Service of Receiving Station To operate a catalog site which allows users to search available archived data. (This site is temporally down at present.) To process the data for flood monitoring End users are mainly governmental organizations. 1) MARD 2) General Department of Forest related to Forest Inventory 3) Marine-related Institutes *No users from private companies or small-scale agencies 3-16

37 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan To have a dedicated line (network) among 17 users of the governmental organization. Main Product: VNREDSat-1 To use SPOT-6 and 7 last year to fill the gap of VNREDSat-1 due to a narrow swath. This alternative satellite data us required to overcome the inadequacy of the VNREDSat-1 for specific tasks. 3. Application To update the topographic map whose scale is 1/20,000 and DEM (1/10,000 scale) by using optical satellite data. To use high-resolution satellite data like QuickBird for completing the resolution for products. To make a thematic map for Land use and Land cover as well as monitoring of disaster such as flood, forest fire, etc. 4. Processing Software ENVI, PCI Geomatics for Data Analysis, QGIS (free software) 5. Requirements for New Optical Satellite as an end user Swath: 60 Km at least comparable to the SPOT level Resolution: less than 1 m Band Combination: RGB plus Near Infrared and Blue Band 6. Main Disaster in Vietnam Flood Landslide Forest Fire No answer 1. Support for disaster emergency response 2. Training for data analysis specialists, especially SAR data analysis 3. Advanced techniques for radar data analysis 4. Special sensors like an altimeter for monitoring of flooding areas Purpose: Sea Surface Altimeter, Satellite Bathymetry 3-17

38 6. Vietnam National Space Center (VNSC) Date 2017/6/30 (Fri) Place Vietnam National Space Center Attendees Dr. Vu Viet Phuong, 3 others PADECO (Kanai, Akasaka, Fujiwara), RESTEC (Ito) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d N/A Agenda Profile Established: September 2011 Task: The VNSC provides the functions of research and development, technology applications, and development of high quality human resource in space science and technology. Receive, implement, manage and use the Vietnam Space Center project by Japan s ODA for particular tasks Perform national duties in research, development, application and transfer of space science and technology Develop facilities, implement national and international cooperation projects in space science and technology fields, especially satellite technology Communications and raising public awareness about the importance about the benefit of space science and technology in social economic development and national security Train and develop highly qualified personnel in space science and technology and other related fields Science and technology services in space science and technology and other related fields International cooperation in space science and technology and other related fields Organizational and staff management in accordance with State and Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology regulations Financial and asset management in accordance with State and Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology regulations Perform other duties assigned by the President of Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Staff: 126 as of 2017 Associate Professor 1 Doctor

39 Master 55 Engineers/Bachelors 53 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan Summary & Q&A 1. To implement Research, Development, Application, Education concerning Satellite Technology 2. Satellite Data used so far Optical: SPOT, LANDSAT, MODIS, Sentinel-2A SAR: CosmoSky-Med, ALOS-2 *The VNSC is proactive in training of SAR data utilization by Capacity Building and Remote Sensing Training due to limited experience in SAR data utilization. 3. VNREDSat-1 Almost no use for data provided by the VNREDSat-1 4. Required Specifications Depending on the purpose, VNSC needs high resolution data, less than 1 m resolution in the case of optical data. Repeat cycle: 3-5 days Blue band is highly desirable. Application 1) Mapping Topographic Map 2) Disaster Response 3) Vegetation Classification 4) Monitoring of Water Pollution Etc. 5. Data Analysis Software ENVI, ArcGIS Erdas Imagine QGIS (free software) No answer Technology Transfer Software Development Radar data processing and analyzing Capacity Building of Radar Data Utilization 3-19

40 Figure 3-4 VNSC Organization Chart Source: VNSC Website ( 3-20

41 7. Institute of Geography Date 2017/6/30 (Fri) Place Institute of Geography Attendees Dr. Pham Quang Vinh and another person PADECO (Kanai, Akasaka, Fujiwara), RESTEC (Ito) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d N/A Agenda Profile Establishment: November 2008 (under VAST) Task: We have 6 tasks as listed below. Carrying out scientific and technological research Collaborating with other domestic scientific institutions and production units in applying research results and in transferring foreign advanced technologies into production and life in Vietnam Participating in training in geographical sciences and technologies International cooperation in geography and resource management Preparing the material bases for applying and transferring advanced scientific and technological studies that are carried out by the Institute of Geography Managing the Institute's human resources, infrastructure and other properties Staff: 132 Professor 0 Associate Professor 5 Doctor of Science 1 Doctor 25 Master 21 Bachelor 68 Others 17 Summary & Q&A 1. International Cooperation and Activities 1) ISRO, India 2) ADB (Asian Development Bank) 3) Chiba University 2. Satellite Data Utilization To use mainly free data from LANDSAT, Sentinel and others To use optical data for Mapping, Disaster Response, Environment 3-21

42 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan Monitoring Almost no use for Radar data so far but the Institute of Geography have plans to use such data in the future 3. VNREDSat-1 The Institute of Geography doesn t use the data from VNREDSat-1 due to the following reasons. Price Swath width (17 Km) 4. Required Specifications 60 Km swath with about 5 m resolution in the case of Optical sensor Repeat Cycle: 3-5 days Blue Band Hyperspectral for Classification and Analysis Application 1) Mapping Topographic Map 2) Disaster Response 3) Vegetation Classification 4) Water Pollution Monitoring 5. End Users Central Government MONRE, MART Local Governments 6. Data Delivery Method Web, DVD, CD Rom 7. Data Analysis Software ENVI, ArcGIS, Erdas Imagine, QGIS (free software) 8. Others To make a corner reflector (in progress) About 5 M JPY for data purchase Technology Transfer for Software Development, Radar data processing and analysis) To supply cheap data at academic rates 3-22

43 8. Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics (IMGG) Date 2017/6/30 (Fri) Place Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics Attendees Director General Dr. Dung, 4 others PADECO (Kanai, Akasaka, Fujiwara), RESTEC (Ito) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d REMOTE SENSING IN GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING Agenda Profile Established: May 2005 Task: Basic research and surveys, technology development and highly qualified manpower training in the fields of geology, marine geophysics, physical oceanography and other areas regulated by the Government Basic marine research and investigation activities Technology development Participation in evaluating the process of technology and science qualifications, both economic and technical Services of science and technology in marine geology and geophysics, and other related science fields Training services of science and technical manpower in marine geology and geophysics fields, and other related science fields International co-operation in marine geology and geophysics and other related science fields Staff: 71 Permanent employment 60 Contract 11 Professor 0 Doctor 15 Master 21 Bachelors, Engineer 26 Others 9 Summary & Q&A 1. Data Utilization for Remote Sensing 1) Optical Data Airborne Imagery Satellite Dataset 2) Radar Data LiDAR 3-23

44 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan 3) Acoustic Remote sensing Single beam sonar (sidescan sonar) Multi-beam sonar Sub bottom profiling 2. Satellite Data Utilization IMGG doesn t use a lot of satellite data due to the budget. The data being applied is from the following source. Radarsat-1 LANDSAT Sentinel-2A SPOT 3. Application 1) Coastal Environment Monitoring 2) Mangrove survey 3) Coral Reef Survey 4) Bathymetry 5) Sea Level Monitoring for Vietnam Navy *An Altimeter sensor is desirable. 6) There is a special need for high-resolution data covering the South Ocean area (Coral Reef Monitoring, etc.). We have always used QuickBird software to achieve this outcome. 4. Required Specifications Altimeter As IMGG uses LiDAR for acquiring detailed information, it s better to have high resolution radar (SAR) data. No answer To launch a satellite with an Altimeter sensor 3-24

45 9. Space Technology Institute (STI) Date 2017/6/30 (Fri) Place Space Technology Institute (STI) Attendees Dr. Pham Minh Tuan, 4 others PADECO (Kanai, Akasaka, Kobayashi), RESTEC (Ito) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d APRSAF-23/Vietnam Country Report Agenda Profile Established: November 2006 Task: The main functions of STI are to research the basic issues on space science and technology; research and develop Earth observation small satellites; plan and carry out independent science-technology programs on space technology and applications of remote sensing; and also to use GIS and GPS for natural resource, environment and disaster management. Research and development in the fields of space science and technology, receive small satellite technology then improve upon it in design, assembly, integration, testing, operation and investigation. Deploying applications of space technology in practice, supply the added services in the fields of space technology. Develop infrastructure for research and application of space technology: build key laboratories for space technology, test space technology facilities, earth observation satellites, earth stations, etc. Consult with the State s managing bodies regarding policies for the developing of applications of space technology, legislation of the use of outer space; playing the role of a standing organization helping the Vietnam Committee by providing professional services for research and application of space technology. Supplying information on applications and the development of space technology which serves management and the demands of the production and service sectors. Training postgraduate staff, taking an active role part in training at universities and popularizing knowledge about space technology. International cooperation in the fields of space science and technology. Staff: 57 Associate Professor 1 PhD 6 Master s degree 15 Bachelor & engineer 31 Others

46 1. VNREDSat-1 VNRADSat-1 Launch: 2013/5/07) Sensor: Pan 2.5 m, Multi 10 m Repeat Cycle: 3 days Number of Data Reception a day: scenes Backup Receiving Station: Kiruna Data price: allotted by Ministry of Finance Raw Data Processing by PROVIZI (VNREDSat-1 processing tool-plugin EARDAS Imagine provided by Astrium Data Delivery: through Internet and Media (DVD, CD Rom) Launch of VNREDSat-2 (70 cm resolution): TBD STI Task 1) Satellite Control 2) Operation of Observation Command Summary & Q&A 1. International Cooperation International Disaster Charter Member Sentinel Asia DAN (Data Analysis Node) Sentinel Asia DAN (Data Analysis Node) and DPN (Data Provider Node) *To provide VNREDSat-1 data to Sentinel Asia members Cooperation with Space Agency (Satellite Data Multi-Purpose Use) 1) ESA 2) NASA 3) ISRO 4) CSIRO Work for Climate Change by using GCOM-C National Project Ecosystem Research by using ALOS-2 2. Application 1) Forest Management LANDSAT, ALOS-1, VNREDSat-1 *The L-band SAR is suitable for Forest Management. 2) Disaster Monitoring SPOT, VNREDSat-1, ALOS-2 *There is a special application for using high resolution SAR data like TerraSAR-X for flood monitoring. 3. Required Specifications 3-26

47 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan 1) Optical: 5-10 m resolution with about 60 Km swath 2) Capacity for Pansharpen 3) Stereo function for mapping 4) Hyperspectral for classification and analysis 5) Data for Aerosol, Gas, Atmospheric Pollution 4. Future Research 1) Climate Change 2) Water Pollution Monitoring 3) Mangrove Coral Reef Research 4) Natural Resource Management No answer Training for Satellite Data Utilization, especially SAR data utilization 3-27

48 10. Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS-VAST) Date 2017/7/03 (Mon) Place Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS-VAST) Attendees Dr. Tran Quoc Cuong, Dr. Pham Quang Son and another person PADECO (Akasaka, Hattori, Kobayashi), RESTEC (Ito, Nakabayashi) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d IGS-VAST Overview Brochure Agenda Profile Established: February 2004 Task: Basic research on issues of geoscience, climate change and national solutions Investigation and evaluation of mineral potential Prediction of geological hazards and mitigation of damages Planning of scientific basis for protecting the environmental geology Staff: 155 Staff 119 Contractor 36 Associate Professor 7 Doctor of Science 2 Doctor 33 Master 31 Bachelor 46 Others 36 Summary & Q&A 1. There are 17 research divisions and within, 5 to 6 divisions use remote sensing data on Geohazards (Geological Hazardous Events). 2. Satellite Data NOAA VNIR LANDSAT SPOT ASTER ALOS IKONOS, QuickBird RADARSAT-1 TerraSAR-X Cosmo-SkyMed 3-28

49 3. Main Applications Flood Monitoring, Landslide Survey, Marine Fields 1) Optical Data Flood Monitoring: LANDSAT, SPOT Landslide Survey: High resolution data (IKONOS, QB, SPOT-5, etc.) Coastal Monitoring: SPOT series 2) Radar (SAR) Data SAR data are commonly used for flood monitoring and landslide surveys in Vietnam, due to the weather conditions. Flood Monitoring: TerraSAR-X *RADARSAT-1 has been used over the past five years. Landslide by interferometry analysis in Hanoi: Cosmo-SkyMed 3) Marine Field Mangrove Survey: SPOT series Oil Spill: RADARSAT-1 Ship Detection (Monitoring): VNREDSat-1 4. VNREDSat-1 The IGS uses a few data for the following reasons: 1) Price 2) Swath (17 Km) 3) Repeat Cycle 5. Data Analysis Software ENVI, PCI Geomatics (No usage of free software) 6. Required Specifications Hyperspectral is the most useful data for classification and analysis of vegetation, but the data processing seems to be difficult due to multiple bands. Therefore, it seems that a kind of LANDSAT may be useful. *The data of ASTER that has been used in the past was effective for the geological analysis. As for the Radar (SAR) data, since the interferometry technique for landslide analysis is being used, sensors that allow interferometry is preferable. The details of the best sensor including band combination and swath cannot be determined, as there are many applications for satellite data utilization and it depends on the purpose. 7. Future Studies Coastal Monitoring (Coral Reef Survey, etc.) Oil Spill (Oil Seep) Detection 3-29

50 8. Others IGS uses satellite data as an end user. Although there is a national project for the utilization of the data of VNREDSat-1, it seems difficult for obtaining good results as there are only 4 bands and geological surveys is effective with multi bands and/or hyperspectral. The SAR data is useful for geohazards because geohazards often occur in the monsoon season. ASTER data for the monitoring of Hanoi city development has been utilized in the past. In other cases, SAR data for the monitoring of Mekong Delta has been utilized. Annual Budget Expectations for Japan We think that the combined usage of optical data and SAR data for landslide detection like Japan would be better. They did not give us the figures but the budget for satellite data purchase is very limited. Training for Satellite Data Utilization, especially SAR data 3-30

51 11. Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Date 2017/7/04 (Tue) Place Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Attendees Dr. Minh Q. Nguyen, 6 others PADECO (Akasaka, Hattori, Kobayashi), RESTEC (Ito, Nakabayashi) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project Doc(s) rec d HUMC Overview Brochure Agenda Profile Established: August 1966 Task: There are 3 campuses located in Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh. The fields of study include; mining, geology, surveying and mapping, oil and gas, electro-mechanical engineering, information technology and computer sciences, economics, and business administration. Graduates from HUMG are highly appreciated for the capability and professional skills in the key sectors of the Vietnamese economy, such as oil and gas, coal mining, construction, etc. The main campus of the HUMG is in Duc Thang Ward, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam. The university also has two other campuses in Quang Ninh, the heart of Vietnam s coal mining industry and in Vung Tau, the oil city in the South of Vietnam. HUMG is expanding. The number of students increased to around 29,000 in recent years. Dozens of new majors have been added to the university education programs, such as geo-environment, software engineering, applied information technology in surveying, economics, mining and geology, accounting, business administration, etc. Hanoi campus is planned to be expanded and developed further to introduce facilities of advanced and modernized universities. Staff: 693 Full and Associate Professors 56 Senior Lecturers 177 Others 460 Summary & Q&A 1. Funds for Research Main funding is provided by the government (MOST). In cases where the university undertakes the project directly from the local governments, the fund of local governments is used. 3-31

52 2. Cooperation with universities in foreign countries The university is conducting remote sensing training to researchers of universities in foreign countries and collaborating with such universities. However, the university lacks experience in collaborating with other universities in Vietnam. Destinations for overseas studies 1) Korea & Taiwan: most popular 2) France: easy to apply due to favorable treatment by former suzerain 3) Japan: increasing number of students these days 3. Satellite Data Utilization LANDSAT SPOT Sentinel-2A 4. Application Coastal Monitoring: LANDSAT, SPOT, Sentinel-2A Landslide: optical data like LANDSAT Land Subsidence: SAR data (Sentinel-1A) Mining: mainly optical data for natural resource surveys and environmental (air pollution) monitoring 5. PC Specification and Network Environment for data downloading It takes about 2-3 hours to download the data of Sentinel-1A (3-7GB) 6. Data Analysis Software Mainly QGIS (free software) ENVI, Erdas Imagine Open source software PolSAR for SAR data analysis Others: DORIS 7. Results of the Study Results of study in several projects such as Natural Resource, Mapping, Coastal Monitoring, Landslide have been shared with the governmental agencies, including MOST. 8. Required Specifications Wide Swath Low Price Data 9. Others It seems that optical data is enough for the monitoring of South China Sea in relation to the issues with China. However, a more effective information management may be possible if AIS information is added to the satellite data information. 3-32

53 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan No answer Training for Satellite Data Utilization, especially SAR data 3-33

54 12. Thuyloi University Date 2017/7/06 (Thu) Place Thuyloi University Attendees Dang Thi Thu Hien, 3 others (Coastal Management, Computer Science) PADECO (Akasaka, Hattori, Kobayashi), RESTEC (Ito, Nakabayashi) Handout(s) Overview of METI Project & RESTEC Overview (Satellite Data Utilization Case) Doc(s) rec d University Overview Agenda Profile Established: 1959 Task: Thuyloi University s mission is to develop highly competent human resources, perform scientific research, develop and transfer advanced technology in the fields of science, engineering, economics and management, with significant focus on water resources, environment and disaster management, making contribution to the industrialization, modernization and sustainable development of Vietnam. Staff: 1,142 Lecturers 568 Professors 15 Associate Professors 83 Doctors 202 Researchers 372 Support Staffs 202 Summary & Q&A 1. To implement the project, facility investment especially for hydrology was made. Thereby access to the database of flood, deforestation, etc. is available. 2. The units using remote sensing data are: hydrology, water resource, geoinformatics, marine and coastal engineering. 3. Exchange Student System It is possible for students to study abroad for 1-2 semester(s). As part of the Exchange Student System, the advance programs are available in Tohoku University, Kyoto University and Kyushu University in Japan. However, students interest on remote sensing is limited, because opportunities to use (get) the satellite data is limited. 3-34

55 4. Application The survey on subsidence along Vietnam coastal areas is being implemented. However, it utilizes the remote sensing data (satellite data) instead, as field surveys cannot always be carried out. LANDSAT data has been used in the past. However, the data is of low resolution. It is possible to be used for the monitoring of deforestation, but not for coastal management, due to the law. 5. VNREDSat-1 We have no experience of using VNREDSat-1 data. 6. Data Analysis Software ENVI *We are looking for a software of open source, but it seems that the number of software for optical data is not enough. If we are trained, we may be able to use a free software. 7. State of Optical and SAR data utilization (Coastal Monitoring) We often use the Google Earth. We search the coastal areas and use it to decide which area is important. After that, we obtain and utilize the high-resolution satellite data. We do not have the techniques to combine satellite data with Google Maps but want to master such techniques. *The Google Earth is useful to decide the research area and as an indicator for data purchasing. 8. We think that it is better for us to be able to obtain the Altimetry data for bathymetry in the coastal monitoring. We have not used the SAR data so far, but we have had the training of SAR analysis technics from ITC in Netherlands. 9. Required Specifications Resolution: 5-10 m *We have never used SPOT data. We use free data for our research. 10. Research Fund Many projects are funded by the state fund. 11. Joint Project with other countries Capacity Building Project with the governments of Denmark and Netherlands (capital investment including computers and dispatch of lecturers, etc.) The project on the Evaluation of Impacts of Climate Change Over Red River Basin, funded by ADB In the Dam Safety Management Project funded by the Government of New Zealand, we used the satellite data provided by MOST for the 3-35

56 Annual Budget Expectations for Japan monitoring of landslides. 12. Remote Sensing Society There is no remote sensing society in Vietnam. Such society is integrated by a wider category, such as hydrology and water resource societies. It seems to be difficult to establish a remote sensing community in Vietnam. 13. The graduates of the university are offered jobs related to the central and local government such as MARD. Others have started working at civil engineering companies in Vietnam. No answer Cooperation with Japanese universities have been started. 3-36

57 3.2 VNREDSat-1 System Operation, Achievement and Example of Utilization The VNREDSat-1 is the first earth observation satellite in Vietnam and the images acquired from satellite orbits are widely used for natural resource management, environment preservation and damage assessment at the time of disaster in various areas such as agriculture and forestry, fishery, mining and others. The VAST (Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology) is the owner of satellite and is in charge of satellite operation. The National Remote Sensing Center under the MONRE (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment) oversees data reception and processing. EADS Astrium received the manufacturing order of the VNREDSat-1 under the French ODA loan in August The agreement amounts to EUR 5,580,000, including the training of satellite engineers dispatched from Vietnam, the cost of ground receiving station and satellite launching cost. The VNREDSat-1 was assembled under the small satellite bus AstroSat100 at the space center in Toulouse with the participation of 15 engineering staff from Vietnam. The satellite was launched on May 7, 2013 by the Vega II rocket, at the Guiana Space Center Outline and Plan of Receiving Station The receiving station in Vietnam was established in In the first stage, it received the data of SPOT- 2, 4, 5 and ENVISAT (ASAR, MERIS). The station stopped the data reception of SPOT series in 2012 and has only been receiving the data of VNREDSat-1 since The National Remote Sensing Center is planned to receive the data of SPOT-6 and 7 in 2018 with World Bank s ODA fund. In addition, the receiving station of SAR data of Sentinel-1 and LOTUSat-1 as backup is scheduled to be established under National Remote Sensing Department Facilities and Operation of Receiving Station 1. Antenna: 1 (5.4 m in diameter) 2. Coverage: about 2,500 Km in diameter 3. Elevation Angle: 5 degrees 4. System of data reception and processing: Airbus original system in the contract with Airbus 5. Observation Command: STI (Space Technology Institute) 6. Data received: Only VNREDSat

58 Figure 3-5 Coverage of NRSC Receiving Station Source: VNRSD (Vietnam National Remote Sensing Department) Presentation System Composition of Data Reception and Processing (5 systems) 1. X-Band Acquisition System (XAS) 2. Ground Station Administration System (GAS) 3. Data Capture System (DCS) 4. Data Processing System (DPS) 5. Data Warehouse system (DWS) 3-38

59 Figure 3-6 System Composition of Data Reception and Processing Source: VNRSD (Vietnam National Remote Sensing Department) Presentation X-Band Acquisition System (XAS) The 5.4 m diameter antenna and the receiving and processing system made by Airbus for SPOT data is continuously used and updated for VNREDSat-1. It uses two demodulators with a capacity of Mb/s. Figure 3-7 Overall View of X-Band Acquisition System Source: VNRSD (Vietnam National Remote Sensing Department) Presentation 3-39

60 Network Security System (Firewall) of VNREDSat-1 (Continuously used the security system for SPOT) Figure 3-8 Overall View of IPS (Intrusion Prevention System: Network Security) Source: VNRSD (Vietnam National Remote Sensing Department) Presentation Data Distribution 1. VNREDSat-1 Data Price is decided by Ministry of Finance 2. Orders accepted: before 72 hours 3. Delivery: 3 days 4. Data Sales Territory 1) SPOT and ENVISAT There was a limitation of sales territory to export the data to China, Lao, Cambodia, etc. 2) VNREDSat-1 There is no limitation for data sales because the satellite is owned by the country s agency. 5. Raw Data All raw data received at the receiving station must be provided to Airbus under the contract with Airbus. 6. Emergency Observation The emergency observation request should be sent to STI within 24 hours and the data will be delivered within 6 hours after the data reception. 3-40

61 7. Data Delivery Method FTP, Media (DVD, CD Rom) 8. Data Processing Software PROVIZIO (Airbus Original): VNREDSat-1 Processing Tool-Plugin EARDAS Imagine Data Provision and Service of Receiving Station 1. To operate a catalog site for search of archived data by users. (This site is temporarily unavailable now) 2. To process the data for flood monitoring 3. End users are mainly governmental organizations. 1) MARD 2) General Department of Forest related to Forest Inventory 3) Marine-related Institutes *No user from private company and small-scale agencies 4. To have a dedicated line (network) among 17 users of governmental organizations. 5. Main Product: VNREDSat-1 6. To use SPOT-6 and 7 in response to the end users request due to the narrow swath of VNREDSat-1. Other satellite data is necessary to fill the gap of VNREDSat-1. SPOT-6 and 7 data have been used last year for such reasons Application 1. To update the topographic map with a scale of 1/20,000 and DEM (1/10,000 scale) by using optical satellite data. 2. To use high resolution satellite data like QuickBird for complementing the resolution for products. 3. To create a thematic map for Land use and Land cover, as well as monitoring of disasters such as flood, forest fire, etc. 4. Processing Software ENVI, PCI Geomatics for Data Analysis, QGIS (free software) 5. Requirements for New Optical Satellite as an end user Swath: 60 Km at least, similar to the SPOT level Resolution: less than 1 m Band Combination: RGB plus Near Infrared and Blue Band 6. Main Disasters in Vietnam Flood Landslide Forest Fire 3-41

62 <Reference: Number of Data Reception> SPOT-2 About 100,000 scenes SPOT-4 About 200,000 scenes SPOT-5 About 10,000 scenes VNREDSat-1 About 50,000 scenes Figure 3-9 Number of Data Reception Source: VNRSD Presentation 3-42

63 3.3 Current Situation of Remote Sensing Data Platform and Database The database of satellite data in Vietnam exists in each field and these information in the database are constantly shared with each of the agencies. As mentioned in Clause 3.2, the National Remote Sensing Department (NRSD) under MONRE operates and maintains the receiving station to receive, process, provide and archive the data of Vietnam Satellite VNREDSat-1. However, the data provider s search engine system for archived data is not open to the public. For data purchase, the user applies for data purchase to NRSD, confirms the available data, and then receives the data System of Each Agency (1) Center for Informatics and Statistics (CIS) The CIS operates and maintains an online system for agricultural statistics surveys. 63 provinces participate in this system and the statistical information of 63 provinces are sent to this online system every month. The information includes coffee, rice, cassava and others. *The CIS does not use the satellite data because it is a non-operational agency. Figure 3-10 Organization Chart of the Statistical System for the Agriculture and Rural Development Sector Source: Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics Twenty-Fourth Session 3-43

64 The website with agricultural statistics and information, as well as its content(s) are showed in Figure 3-11 and Figure Figure 3-11 Layout of the Web Portal of the MARD Source: Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics Twenty-Fourth Session Figure 3-12 Layout of the Online Statistical Reporting System after Logging on Source: Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics Twenty-Fourth Session 3-44

65 Figure 3-13 Interface Active Monthly Reporting Indicators of MARD Source: Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics Twenty-Fourth Session Figure 3-14 The Lookup Synthesized Interface according to the Group Information, the Reporting Period, Place Name Reporting Indicator Source: Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics Twenty-Fourth Session (2) Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) The FIPI is updating the forest inventory every 5 years. They have continuously used the LANDSAT and SPOT data to make the inventory. They are making the inventory of 1/10,000 scale throughout Vietnam with SPOT-5 data at present, but it is not decided what data will be used for the inventory in the next 5 years. 3-45

66 On the other hand, in relation to the weather conditions, it is required to constantly observe and provide the data without any gap(s). Figure 3-15 shows the forest inventories from 1990, indicating the ratio of reduced forest. In addition, Figure 3-16 shows satellite data used and the resolutions for creating the forest inventory every year. The data resolution increases (from 1/100,000 to 1/10,000) year after year. It appears that in the future, higher resolution data is required. Figure 3-17 shows the flow of making a forest inventory. Figure 3-15 FIPI Forest Inventories Source: FIPI Presentation 3-46

67 Figure 3-16 Used Satellite Data and its Resolutions for Making the Forest Inventory each Year Source: FIPI Presentation Development of Management Information System for the Forestry Sector in Vietnam National Forest Inventory and Statistics Figure 3-17 Flow of Making Forest Inventories Source: FIPI Presentation 3-47

68 (3) Vietnam Data Cube Dr. Pham Anh Tuan, Director General of VNSC presented the outline of Vietnam Data Cube at GEOSS International Conference in September The system development is proceeding with the technical cooperation of CSIRO, Australia, through the activities of CEOS. The demo version is currently open to the public. The contents of open data consist of 3 applications as follows: - Forest monitoring - Rice monitoring - Water quality The data from LANDSAT, Sentinel, and ALOS-2 are being used. The data usage from LOTUSat is planned in the future. VNSC will oversee the Data Cube operation as well as its funding. Figure 3-18 shows the presentation for Vietnam Data Cube opened to the public. Figure 3-18 Outline of Vietnam Data Cube Source: September 2017 Vietnam country Report on GEOSS Related Activities The MOU for ALOS PALSAR data provision between VNSC and JAXA was concluded in September

69 Chapter 4 Study of Introducing a Future Type Optical Earth Observation Satellite System

70 4.1 Application Fields for Possible Future Types, Based on the Present Situation Background From Chapter 3, it has been identified that it is necessary (1) to continuously collect high resolution optical images. From Chapter 2, based on the present situation of Vietnam, it has been identified that it is desirable (2) to pay attention to marine monitoring and (3) to develop the internal human resources in the space sector. Therefore, as the mission for Vietnam s future-type optical earth observation satellite system, a system with missions selected and added uniquely for Vietnam, based on the optical mission with a world-class high resolution of 0.5 m, is proposed. The selection of choices for the application fields on the 3 points identified above will be explained in the following section The Application Field for Continuous Collection of High Resolution Optical Observation (1) Creation of Mapping Information by DEM: Digital Elevation Model DEM (Digital Elevation Model), is a data model that indicates the elevation of the earth s surface. The stereo measurement with the images of a site observed from different directions with a satellite enables 3D measurement. Main uses - Creation of relief maps - Exploration and control of resources - Risk degree prediction of floods, landslides and others. Advantages of using a satellite While aviation laser measurement can also be used for the model creation, data of a wider area can be collected continuously, by using a satellite. Moreover, the biggest advantage of using a satellite is that it makes the creation of a model in areas which cannot be observed by an aircraft, such as areas with active volcanic activities or near national borders, become possible. Possibility of Realization DEM itself is an established technology from a technical point of view. 4-1

71 Since the altitude is obtained from stereo view, suitable B/H ratio (*) is different depending on the subject. B/H ratio lower than 0.5 is suitable for areas with unevenness, such as areas with skyscrapers. On the other hand, B/H ratio between 0.5 and 1.0 is suitable for an area with a relatively smooth surface. In the case of satellites, the smaller the required B/H ratio is, the higher the required agility performance becomes. In the areas of Vietnam with interest, the surface is expected to be relatively smooth. Therefore, a system which can achieve B/H ration between 0.5 and 1.0 is deemed appropriate. * B/H ratio: ratio of the length of the base line which starts and finishes when stereo images are captured, and the image capturing height. (2) Monitoring Unidentified Ships The combination of high resolution optical image and other data enables close monitoring of illegal ships. Main uses - Monitoring ship operation of own nationality - Monitoring ship entry of foreign nationality Possibility of Realization For ship monitoring, frequent monitoring and directional monitoring are necessary. Revisit days in a normal optical satellite orbit is too long that certain techniques, such as to place the satellite into a Near Equational Orbit, is also necessary. Further, in general, it is difficult to conduct ship monitoring with only high resolution optical images, because the observable area is limited. AIS (Automated Identification System) and SAR images would be effective means to observe a wider area beforehand. AIS automatically transmits and receives ship information, including the ship s name, location, direction, speed and destination, and shares information between ship stations or between ships and ground stations. According to the SOLAS treaty (an International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea) enacted in 2002, ships with certain criterions must have AIS on board. Thus, by comparing the AIS and SAR information, the ships of the size necessary to carry AIS but does not transmit the AIS data, can be detected as unidentified ships (see Figure 4-2). High resolution optical images are used to identify the ship type, nationality and so on. Table 4-1 shows the monitoring procedures of unidentified ships. 4-2

72 Areas of Investigation Unidentified Vessels Identified Vessels Figure 4-1 An Example of Detecting Illegal Ships with AIS Data and SAR Data Source: BPOL Table 4-1 Unidentified Ship Monitoring Procedures No. Procedures 1 Routine AIS monitoring 2 Tasking of SAR satellite (Command for observation 3 Acquisition of SAR image 4 Detection of targeted vessel 5 Tasking of VHR satellite (Command for observation 6 Acquisition of VHR image 7 Identification/Monitoring of targeted Vessels 8 Action Figure 4-2 Monitoring an Unidentified Ship with SAR and Optical Images Source: NEC 4-3

73 4.1.3 Application Field for Oceanographic Observation (1) Bathymetry By specializing the multiband wavelength of Very High Resolution optical sensor to blue and green bands, ocean bathymetry becomes possible from transmittance of sea. Main use - Monitoring sediment deposited in the harbor - Confirmation of possible sea routes after a disaster [HADR purpose] - Confirmation of sea route in case one needs to sail in the area for some reason without water depth information Advantages of using a satellite It will be effective to use a satellite when one needs to know the water depth quickly just after a disaster or one can t conduct bathymetry with other means for some reason. Possibility of Realization Since this technology is at the technology verification stage, technical verification is necessary. Also, this method can only be used when the sea transparency is high. Thus, the areas where this method can be applied in Vietnam would be limited. However, since the infrastructure specialized for this kind of use does not exist, international contribution may be possible. Figure 4-3 An Example of Bathymetry with an Optical Image Source: (General foundation) Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC) (2) Observation with Low Reflection at Water Surface or Atmosphere Scattering By changing the optical filter to a polarization filter, information that differs from ordinary optical observation can be obtained. 4-4

74 Main use - Distinction between artificial objects and natural objects (see right figure of Figure 4-4) Artificial objects tend to reflect the sunlight into a fixed direction. On the other hand, natural objects such as trees and grasses reflect sunlight into various directions. Therefore, through a polarization filter, certain surfaces of artificial objects is seen with strong reflection but natural objects are dark. The figure on the right of Figure 4-4 shows that the car stopping under the tree is difficult to identify with an ordinary optical image (left), but the car under the tree can be identified vividly with a polarization filter (right). - Decreases the effect of aerosol (see left figure of Figure 4-4) It is being researched that the influence of aerosol in atmosphere is decreased by using the polarization filter. In the figure on the left of Figure 4-4, the upper image does not show the scene in the back of the building but the lower image, taken with the polarization filter, shows the mountains far away. - Observation with less water surface reflection In ordinary optical images, the visuality in the water is sometimes unclear because of the reflection of the lake or sea surface. If the polarization filter is used, it is expected that the visuality in the water becomes clearer as it can reduce the reflection. Possibility of Realization The contributions that can be made by the object identification using polarization filters on a VHR optical satellite is still in the research phase globally and needs further verification. On the other hand, there is no technical difficulties in adding a polarization filter to an optical sensor. Therefore, from the point of view of originality, it is important to verify flight proven technology for the first time in the world through, for example, using a polarization filter on one or two CCDs. Figure 4-4 Observation Example with Polarization Filter (Left: reduces aerosol influence, 4-5

75 Right: distinction between an artificial object and a natural object) Source: Russel A. Chipman; MSPI: The Multiangle Spectro-Polarimetric Imager; MSPI-Brochure (3) Water Pollution, Water Temperature Observation By using an optical sensor with an infrared range sensor (with wide swath), a more valid information can be gained. Main use - Ocean Monitoring (wide swath) (Figure 4-5) Detection of the current and observation of the plankton (chlorophyll) density in the sea is conducted through studying the color of sea water for wide fishing grounds, by using an optical sensor. Moreover, fishing grounds could be discovered and data used for the prediction of hurricane routes or occurrence could be collected through sea water temperature observation, by using the Thermal Infrared (TIR) sensor. - Ocean Monitoring (high resolution) Sea water pollution near the coast, industrial liquid waste etc. are monitored by using high resolution optical image and TIR image,. - Operational situation of facilities, ships etc. (Figure 4-6) Operational situation of machinery in a building or in ships which cannot be judged with only optical image (appearance) can be monitored. Possibility of Realization For wide ocean monitoring, the resolution of TIR sensor just needs 100 m 1 km, but the swath needs to be wide. Therefore, as mission, besides high-resolution optics, TIR sensor without cooling on board is preferable. On the other hand, for facility monitoring, in the case where precise TIR image with 10 m resolution is necessary, swath needs to be narrow to some extent. In this case, the same condensing optical system is used for both IR sensor and optical sensor to save space. This precise IR sensor needs a cooling system, therefore, the mission would face issues such as the cooler s electric power or disturbance, but the METI Study Team has enough experiences to solve these problems. 4-6

76 Figure 4-5 Left: Chlorophyll density observation with optical sensor, Right: sea surface temperature observation with IR sensor. Combining the two, valid data for fishery can be obtained. Source: Japan Aerospace exploration Agency (JAXA) Figure 4-6 Observation Example by IR Sensor Images Source: NEC 4-7

77 4.1.4 Application Field for Capacity Building of Internal Manpower in Space Field (1) LCTF (Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter) Hyper Spectral Sensor A camera equipped with wave length variable filter is installed onto the Micro Dragon. Installing such camera on Vietnam s next optical satellite too can keep the continuity of the Vietnamese space development and contribute in raising the space development ability of the country. LCTF, developed by Tohoku University, is the world s first liquid crystal variable filter for space use. It controls the center wave length by 1 nm within the wave length ranging from 650 to 1050 nm. The wave length transfer time is between 39 and 259 msec. A lag on transfer time appears in each wave length. Figure 4-7 LCTF (left) and Observation Example with LCTF (right) Source: Tohoku University 4-8

78 4.2 Examination of Observation Spectrum, Frequency, Resolution and Swath Background Based on Chapter 3, the present status and subjects of earth observation satellite in Vietnam, and Section 4.1, the observation spectrum, frequency, resolution and swath are studied. Table 4-2 shows the specification requirements for future satellite data, which have been compiled from information obtained through interviews of satellite data utilization organizations in Vietnam by the METI Study Team. 4-9

79 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam's Optical Earth Observation Satellite for 4-10 Table 4-2 Requirements for Future Satellite Data Application field Satellite data specification Remarks Coffee Field Monitoring Mapping Resolution: less than 50 cm Stereo Pair for DEM NIAPP (National Institute of Agriculture Planning and Projection) Japan AEON Group participates in Green Vegetable. Forest Inventory SPOT Level FIPI (Forest Inventory and Planning Institute) Resolution: 2-5 m Swath: Km Urban Planning Land Use Resolution: cm Stereo Pair for DEM DONRE (Department of national Resources and Environment) Flooded Area Monitoring Altimeter, if possible NRSD (National Remote Sensing Department) Water Surface Altitude Bathymetry Resolution: 1 m Swath: 60 Km Rice Monitoring/Mapping Resolution: 2-5 m and VNSC (Vietnam National Space Center) Forest Monitoring/Quality Water Quality VHR 50 cm 1 m Swath: 60 Km Mapping Disaster Management Resolution: around 5 m Revisit: 3-5 days Institute of Geography Hyper spectral for Classification, Analysis Water Contamination Blue band required Coastal Environmental Monitoring Mangrove, Cora Reef Research Altimeter, if possible IMGG (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics) LiDAR if high resolution radar is required. Bathymetry, Sea Level Mapping Water Contamination Resolution: 5-10 m Swath: 60 Km STI (Space Technology Institute) Hyper spectral for Classification, Analysis

80 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam's Optical Earth Observation Satellite for 4-11 Application field Satellite data specification Remarks Air Pollution Stereo Pair for DEM Data (Blue band) for water quality Coastal Monitoring (Coral Reef, etc.) Oil Spill LANDSAT Level Including Blue band IGS Hyper spectral may be good for vegetation but too many bands to process the data Mapping Landslide SPOT Level Wide Swath (abt. 60 Km) Hanoi Univ. of Mining and Geology Satellite Data + AIS Coastal Monitoring Coastal Monitoring Bathymetry Resolution: 5-10 m Swath: Km Thuyloi University Google Map with Satellite Data Source: The Study Team

81 As shown in Figure 4-8, Vietnam has monitored forests and created medium resolution maps utilizing the VNREDSat-1 images or other country s satellite images. For these purposes, spatial resolution of 5 to 10 m and observation frequency of every month to every week were sufficient enough. On the other hand, for the proposed high accuracy observation, marine observation, and disaster control, a higher resolution, such as 0.5 m spatial resolution, would be necessary. Further, from the view point of marine observation or disaster prevention, the span shorter than once or twice a day would be preferable as the observation frequency. Figure 4-8 Spatial Resolution and Observation Frequency Source: The Study Team Frequency If the observation frequency requirement is shorter than once a day, increase of the number of satellites to more than one or selection of a special orbit will be necessary. Possessing multiple high resolution optical satellites needs no explanation. Selecting an orbit will be further explained below. (1) Ordinary Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO) Since an ordinary optical satellite observes the entire earth including high latitude areas with one sensor (origin of remote sensing), the polar orbit, in which the satellite flies over the South and North poles, is selected. 4-12

82 In SSO among polar orbits, the directional relationship between the orbit surface and solar direction is constant all year round. In order to observe the entire surface of the earth, the orbit surface on the next day is usually designed to be next to the orbit of the day before. Landsat and Sentinel selected this kind of orbit in order to observe the entire earth. This orbit is suitable for observation of the entire earth, while not suitable for observing a certain area with high frequency. In the Landsat case mentioned above, observation frequency is about once in two weeks. (2) One Day Recurrence SSO As for a high frequency observation, one day recurrence SSO can be selected. As shown in Figure 4-9, the orbit one day after seen from the earth s surface would be in the same position as the day before in a one day recurrence SSO. Thus, one can get an image of a certain point captured at the same time every day. The detection of changes in the images of a point on a different day will become easy, as the data obtained is uniform. However, as the observed areas are fixed, this orbit has a defect of not being able to observe the entire earth. Also, a certain place cannot be captured from different angles. Thus, a specialized orbit like such would not be selected generally. However, in the case of Vietnam, as shown in the right figure of Figure 4-9, the territory and territorial sea are almost covered by the observation area. If the area of interest is within this observation area, the benefit to use this orbit is considered large. It is also possible to change to an ordinary SSO after launch, as a result of satellite longevity trade-off. Figure 4-9 One Day Recurrence SSO (white line: satellite orbit, yellow area: observation area. 4-13

83 The area between yellow strips cannot be captured.) Source: The Study Team (3) Low Inclination Orbit (NEQO: Near-Equatorial Orbit) In order to increase the observation frequency, a non-polar orbit can be selected. As shown in Figure 4-10, by adjusting the highest latitude of the orbit to the area of interest, one can capture the same place many times a day. The maximum is seven times a day and the interval of two adjacent passes is 90 minutes. This enables the capture from various angles, which is beneficial to DEM creation. The demerits of the orbit are, 1) limitation of launch vehicle selection because it is a special orbit, 2) observation of high latitude area is physically impossible and 3) observation under the sun cannot be done for three days in 1.5 months. In addition, for high accuracy observation, calibration for an optical sensor would become complicated in general. However, by obtaining the calibration data for a long period would make it possible to do the calibration. Figure 4-10 Low Inclination Orbit Specialized for Vietnam (in the Figure, yellow area is observation areas) Source: The Study Team Resolution Considering Figure 4-8 and the availability of images for commercial sale, a resolution of equal to or lower than 0.5 m, is considered appropriate. The following section will describe how each mission could be realized with a 0.5 m resolution sensor. 4-14

84 (1) City Planning Figure 4-11 shows traffic congestion in a city. With a 2.5 m resolution, the number of the vehicles cannot be counted. With a 0.5 m resolution, the type of vehicle (truck etc.) can be identified in addition to the number of vehicles. Figure 4-11 An image of traffic congestion Source: NEC (2) Precision Farming By utilizing high resolution optical images for farming analysis, the current utilization status of each farm and growth situation of field-crops can be understood. 4-15

85 Figure 4-12 Farm Situation Source: NEC (3) Coastal Monitoring With high resolution optical images, monitoring of ships and industrial liquid wastes along the shore, and bathymetry can be conducted. Figure 4-13 Coastal Monitoring Source: NEC 4-16

86 Figure 4-14 Ships Monitoring Source: NEC Figure 4-15 Bathymetry Source: NEC 4-17

87 (4) Disaster Control Land flood situation due to river overflow could be monitored. Figure 4-16 River Overflow Situation Source: NEC 4-18

88 Chapter 5 Structure and Specification of Next Optical Satellite and Ground Facilities

89 5.1 Conceptual Design on the Future Type Optical Earth Observation Satellite Requirements In this chapter, based on the studies in the previous chapters, the conceptual designing of the future type optical earth observation satellite is conducted. Considering Vietnam s past satellite development situation, as shown in Table 5-1, the next optical satellite needs to be prepared as the successor of VNREDSat-1 immediately after observation termination of VNREDSat-1. VNSC is developing a micro satellite named Micro Dragon. The successor is expected to carry the systems of which the mission components are verified on the Micro Dragon. The following are also required for the satellite system. The satellite can have an optical observation sensor with 0.5 m or better resolution on board. The satellite can collaborate with an already operated / planned other Vietnamese satellites (e.g. LOTUSat-1, -2). For effective observation, observation opportunities can be maximized. Verified satellite technologies can be utilized as much as possible. Vietnamese space center facilities can be utilized. In consideration of the global situation, the satellite life is equal to or longer than 5 years. 5-1

90 Table 5-1 Road Map of Earth Observation Satellite System for Vietnam Source: The Study Team Satellite Conceptual Design From the requirements above, Figure 5-1 shows the appearance, Table 5-2 shows the satellite specifications which the METI Study Team proposes. The design is based on ASNARO-1 launched in In Chapter 4, several application fields (mission) are proposed. They will be decided through additional internal discussions within Vietnam. Therefore, the satellite needs the flexibility to be suitable for the final specifications decided. Figure 5-1 Appearance of Future Type Optical Earth Observation Satellite Source: NEC 5-2

91 Table 5-2 Future Type Optical Earth Observation Satellite Specifications Source: NEC 5-3

92 5.2 Functions, Performance Outline and Main Specifications Necessary for Optical Earth Observation Sensor Summary Figure 5-2 shows the appearance of the optical earth observation sensor. Optical sensor subsystem includes not only the optical sensor but also the X-band antenna for mission data downlink, S-band antenna, GPS antenna and Star tracker as bus components. Aperture cover S band antenna X-band antenna GPS antenna Optical Sensor Camera System Star tracker Star tracker Figure 5-2 Optical Earth Observation Sensor Appearance (without MLI) Source: NEC As explained in Chapter 4, several options are available, such as to have polarization filters or to select the bands specialized for blue and green. The interfaces with bus subsystem are as follows. 1) Launch lock release signal 2) Power line for heater (50 V) 5-4

93 3) Temperature telemetry 4) Bus power line (50 V) 5) Interface to data handling network of Bus This optical sensor is based on Space Wire interface. For this optical system to realize a high spatial resolution with a concise system, TDI (Time Delay Integration) method is adopted. Therefore, MCS (Mission Control System) needs to access AOCS (Attitude and Orbit Control System) of bus subsystem. 5-5

94 5.3 Performances and Specifications of the Satellite System Summary As the satellite system which can have optical earth observation sensor on board, as shown in Section 5.2, the METI Study Team proposes the following. The bus subsystem to be adopted is NEXTAR-300L bus made by NEC. NEXTAR-300L has 4 sets of orbit proof, as shown in Figure 5-3. It can contribute from quality, delivery and cost perspectives. This system has an automatic normal operation and an abnormal operation, so the operation is simplified. Three high performance NEC standard computers Space Cube 2 are assembled on the bus system. This computer has achieved a total of more than 200 months in orbit operation. Each computer operates data handling, attitude control and mission control. These three networks are connected with the Space Wire and structures the entire network (Figure 5-4). Observation data are recorded in a large capacity data recorder named ISSR. The recorded data are sent to the ground with data transmission after reproduction. Data transmission rate is 800 Mbps and it enables the required data to be sent quickly to the ground. 5-6

95 JAXA HISAKI Planetary observation (extreme ultra violet telescope) Launched FY2013. In operation ASNARO-1 Optical earth observation Launched In operation JAXA ERG Geo-space exploration Launched FY2016. In operation ASNARO-2 SAR earth observation Launched In operation verification Figure 5-3 NEXTAR-300L Adopted Satellites Source: NEC 5-7

96 DATA HANDLING NETWORK Tlm & Cmd interface with Ground System ATTITUDE CONTROL NETWORK Time signal Data handling Computer Attitude control computer Network Router GPS Receiver Network Router Mission control computer Network Router Figure 5-4 Sub Network Structure of Bus Subsystem Source: NEC MISSION CONTROL NETWORK 5-8

97 5.3.2 Reliability Design Reliability design, which effects the satellite life largely, has the following preconditions. - Product is used in Constant Failure Rate area - Failure probability in the Constant Failure Rate area is low => Possess a necessary design margin - Minimizes the failure influence when it fails Figure 5-5 Bathtub Curb Source: Wikimedia Commons 5-9

98 5.4 Ground System Diagram Important Concepts (1) Provide Value-Added Information It is necessary to provide the users not only the satellite image data itself, but also value-added information. There are various types of COTS that generate value-added information using satellite image data. It will be possible by adding on COTS to the ground system. (2) Security Control and Management (3) Integrated Operation of Ground Stations (4) Efficient Expansion for Practical Series It is not preferable from cost and schedule standpoint to construct a new ground system every time a new satellite is launched. Also, it is not preferable from the standpoint of the operator s skill, if the operator requires new training. The solution is to divide the ground system into two parts, a satellite common part and a satellite specific part. Then, every time a new satellite is launched, the satellite specific part shall be added on to the common part. By this concept, efficient expansion shall be achieved at minimum investment. LOTUSat-1 ground system is designed in consideration of the satellite scalability. (1) Construct LOTUSat-1 ground system based on SAR mission (2) Add on the SAR/OPS sensor specific functions and multi satellites integrated planning function to the LOTUSat-1 ground system for the next SAR/OPS satellite. : 5-10

99 5.4.2 Overview The METI Study Team proposes the development of the next generation ground system based on LOTUSat-1 ground system. Our proposed ground system is as follows. The proposed ground system shall be designed to receive data from the satellite, to perform primary processes, to archive the data, and to distribute them to users. The proposed ground system shall also include functions to achieve the users data capture requirements, to process the operational requirements considering the satellite system constraints on actual operation command sequences, and to send the requirements to the satellite through the ground station during the visibility period. Satellite status and conditions can be monitored during its visibility period from the ground tracking station. The ground system consists of Ground Station, Satellite Operation Center, and Mission Data Utilization Center. Table 5-3 Composition of Ground System Category Composition Section Ground System Ground Station Satellite Operation Center Mission Data Utilization Center Source: The Study Team Ground Station The function of the ground station system is to track and communicate with the satellite for monitoring, controlling and observing. The communication protocol follows CCSDS, an international standard for telemetry, command and data transmission for satellites. The ground station for satellite control and monitoring, including general error correction functions for the satellite data reception, is standardized. Moreover, it has the adaptability to correspond to other LEO satellite operations, whose altitude is from about 500 km to about 700 km. The station is mainly composed of antenna, S-band transmission and receiving equipment, X-band receiving equipment, station controller, GPS receiver and equipment shelter. The major functions and performances of the ground station system are performed using S-band transmission and receiving equipment and X-band receiving equipment. The system also has S-band and X-band RF loopback test functions for the confirmation of system operation. 5-11

100 The ground station system conducts CCSDS processing at X-band, receives equipment and stores accumulated data in the ground station and the Satellite Operation Center. The system is composed of a single equipment set without hardware redundancy, in principle. Recovery from systematic issues will generally be performed by a swift replacement of the malfunctioned equipment with the spare parts and equipment. Our proposal is to develop the ground station for LOTUSat-1 and it shall be available for the following satellites, with some customization if necessary Satellite Operation Center The Satellite Operation Center (SOC) consists of the Satellite Operation System, Mission Data Processing System, and Data Archive, and Management System. The network for the SOC is independent from outside networks. On the other hand, to connect to outside sites, special interface equipment to secure the system, such as firewall, is installed. The Satellite Operation System is mainly used for basic satellite operations, such as, satellite monitoring and control, orbit determination and prediction, ground station resource management, and bus operation and observation planning. To achieve the request for observation from users, this center interfaces with the User Interface System (UIS) in the Mission Data Utilization Center (MDUC). The Mission Data Processing System is mainly used for mission-specific operations, such as, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaginary creation/optical imaginary creation, calibration, and validation for observed data. This system stores created imagery in the Data Archive and Management System. The Data Archive and Management System is an archive system for the satellite operation system and mission data processing system. The archived products are shared with the UIS and data analysis research system Mission Data Utilization Center The Mission Data Utilization Center consists of Data Analysis Research System and User Interface System. The Data Analysis Research System is utilized for satellite image data analysis. The COTS software for data analysis, such as ENVI, IDL, SARscape, ArcGIS are installed to the PCs. Data for analysis and the analysis results are stored in a shared-file system of a dedicated section of the Data Archive & Management System (DAMS). 5-12

101 The User Interface System (UIS) provides user interface related to observation requests and product processing requests from users. The UIS also provides user management functions to operators. Considering the usage by unspecified number of users, the interface function of UIS is usable via general Web browsers. Web application server of UIS receives observation requests and product processing requests from users via the internet. Online distribution server of UIS receives requests from users via the internet to download the product. 5-13

102 5.5 Compatibility with Other Systems One-Stop Service for Catalog Service It is difficult for users to decide on which site to access for every satellite. On the other hand, it is also difficult to gather, not only the practical series image data, but also the other series image data, into one system. In such situation, catalog data shall be gathered and be provided as one stop service for data search Catalog Data Format Proposed ground system shall adopt the Catalog Service for the Web (CSW), Therefore, it is possible to input other satellite catalog data if the catalog format is CSW. Figure 5-6 Catalog One Stop Service Source: The Study Team 5-14

103 5.6 Study on the Potential of the Electronic Equipment Industry in Vietnam This Section outlines the outcome of the Study on the Potential of the Electronic Equipment Industry in Vietnam Overview In this Section, the potential of manufacturing satellite and ground system equipment within the Vietnamese electronic and electric industry, etc. was studied. Furthermore, future localization of the satellite equipment industry and the possibility of Vietnam s future participation in the production of satellite mounted equipment and ground system equipment have been examined. Verification was made on matters relating to plans for technological development and human resources development, as well as its issues and conditions, etc. which would become necessary for the above mentioned future prospects. The Study was carried out in two stages. Firstly, preliminary research involving bibliographic survey and interviews with the experts concerned in Japan were conducted. Secondly, interviews with in situ experts in Vietnam were conducted. And finally, based on the results of such study, possible future courses of action were analyzed and then verified. In this Section, only local needs for human resources development were referred to, and in the following Section, overall human resources development programs, including aspects other than those of the industry, are summarized Preliminary Research (1) Bibliographic Survey The electric and electronic industry and the software industry in Vietnam have grown over the past several years to be able to respond to, not only demand, but also export demand. Accordingly, in this Study, research was carried out by way of covering a wide range of fields, involving not only electric and electronic industry fields, but also fields of printed board (include mounting), harness assembly and embedded software, with the future localization of the satellite equipment industry in view. In the Study, a list of potential companies was compiled by way of utilizing a database of member companies of Vietnam Electric Industry Association (VEIA), the Vietnam Medium-and-Small Size Enterprise Database created by JICA in the last fiscal year and the Excellent Companies List compiled by JETRO. Furthermore, the companies whose names were introduced to the Study Team during the preparation and implementation stage of in situ surveys were also included. Items such as major products, 5-15

104 year of incorporation, content of business and number of employees were researched and a list covering those items was compiled. As an example of statistical universe part of the Vietnam Medium-and-Small Size Enterprise List is shown in Table 5-4. Table 5-4 Vietnam Medium-and-Small Size Enterprise List (Part of Electric and Electronic Companies List) Name of Company TOAN CAU MECHANIC ELECTRICAL JOINT STOCK COMPANY TOMECO.,JSC Red Sun Energy Joint Stock Company Red Sun Energy Year of Head office address establishmen Business fields t No. 86, Nguyen Ngoc Nai street, Khuong 2001 Consult, design, fabricate industrial Mai ward, Thanh Xuan district, Hanoi city fans and environmental treatment equipment, process details for the auxiliary industry sector. 43 Tan Da, District 5, Ho Chi Minh city 2007 Production of solar cell panel, installation of work with PV module (solar panel) manufacturing Name of domestic Name of other Number of Name of Japanese Main products corporate foreign corporate Turnover staffs corporate clients clients clients VND USD 83 Industrial fan, *Honda Vietnam - General Electric 97,588,871,078 environmental Co.,ltd Company (United treatment equipment, - Kinden Vietnam States) electrical engine and Co.,ltd speed reduction - Enkei Vietnam engine. Co.,ltd 62 Electric solar cell panel SONGCONG DIESEL LIMITED COMPANY Luong Chau ward - Song Cong town - Thai Nguyen province Nhat Nuoc Company Limited Room 106, Vimeco building, No.9E, Pham Hung road, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi TIEN THINH CO. LTD 743, Provincial Road 15, Tan Thach Dong, Cu Chi, Ho Chi Minh city 1980 Design, fabricate combust engine, serving equipment and spare parts for national economic sectors Export, import equipment, tools and spare parts Install industrial production line 2003 Electricity (supply material, construct, trading agent, design consulting) 1996 Produce copper, aluminum electric wire 1 Types of driving SVEAM HONDA; DORMAN; KESSLER; 549,986,581,717 gears, forging and NAKAGAWA,SANKY CAB (USA) casting products O 50 Mechanical-electrical Northern Power ,306,385 equipment, electric Corporation, Central station, electric grid Power Corporation, Southern Power Corporation, Alstom civil construction 140 Copper and aluminum - Toyota (TIEV); Sung Shin Vina - electric wire Toshiba (TIPA); (SSV) (South Korea) Canon (CEV), Sung Shin Vina (SSV) (South Korea) Source: Compiled by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. (2) Interviews with Parties Concerned For the purpose of narrowing down the list of companies to be covered in the local survey, an interview was conducted with Professor Nakasuka of Tokyo University who has been providing assistance in the development of the Vietnamese satellite, the Micro Dragon. More particularly, based on his assessment of the Vietnamese technological capability levels reached in the course of the development of the Micro Dragon, his advice was sought to identify the fields with high potential in terms of fostering satellite equipment industries in Vietnam. Based on the advice received from Professor Nakasuka, the following 6 fields were identified as the areas to be focused on in this Study: Print board manufacturers, business enterprises mounting components on printed boards Electric and electronic equipment manufacturers. Especially, EMS operators manufacturing, assembling and testing high frequency (Radio waves) equipment Business entities engaging in harness assembly Manufacturers of IoT (Internet of Things) related communication equipment Business entities engaged in the offshore development of embedded software 5-16

105 Manufacturers of optical equipment such as telescopes and binoculars (Contractors carrying out the maintenance of armed forces related equipment), sub-contractors concerned with the manufacturing of optical equipment such as digital cameras (3) Selection of Candidate Enterprises On the basis of the list compiled in (1) above, enterprises deemed to be of high preference in accordance with the selection criteria set, were selected as candidate enterprises for interviewing. More specifically, a list of candidate enterprises to be visited was prepared in accordance with the procedures shown in Figure 5-7. Each selection criteria and reasoning for setting such criteria are summarized below: The number of the staff, year of incorporation, sales Stability of business operations, capability for participation in the satellite project Past performances of businesses with foreign enterprises, such as Japanese companies Product quality, capability for participation in the satellite project Promising field Possibility of participating in the satellite project (To be set in accordance with the outcome of the interview in (2) above) VEIA 1) Member Companies 143 companies (as of 2008) Many major companies JETRO Excellent Enterprise List 3) 44 companies DB on Vietnamese Mediumand-Small Scale Enterprises 2) 500 companies Others 4) 1) VEIA=Vietnam Electronic Industry Association 2) Database created by JICA based on the research carried out in 2014 (Available to the public) 3) List of the companies having participated in the business meeting held on the occasion of the Components Procurement Exhibition organized by JETRO in ) Introduced and recommended by the local organizations and persons concerned Selection Criteria: Promising filed Number of company staff Year of establishment Annual sales Performance of trading with foreign companies including Japanese companies Candidate enterprises to be interviewed 1 2 Promising Fields Makers of print board, Business entities mounting components on print board Electric and electronic equipment makers, especially EMS enterprises producing, assembling and testing high frequency (Radio wave) equipment 3 Business entities engaged in harness assembly 4 Makers of IoT related communication equipment Business entities engaged in the offshore development of 5 embedded software Makers of optical equipment such as telescopes and binoculars (Sub-contractors carrying out the maintenance 6 of armed forces related equipment), Sub-contractors engaged in the manufacturing of optical equipment such as digital cameras Figure 5-7 Criteria for the Selection of Candidate Enterprises to be Interviewed Source: Created by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. Table 5-5 shows the list of companies selected in priority. The order of priority has been compiled on the basis of the outcome of the work done as mentioned above (A list of candidate companies to be covered by in situ surveys). 5-17

106 Table 5-5 A List of Candidate Companies to be Covered by In Situ Surveys No. Field Companies to be Visited 1 Manufacturers of printed-circuit board, business entities mounting components on printed-circuit board Thanh Long JSC, 4P, Sao Kim 2 Electric and electronic equipment Hanel PT, Thanh Long JSC, Hung Dung Co., manufacturers Ltd., Viettronics, ECO Vietnam, Industrial Especially, EMS operators manufacturing, Mechanics & Automation Co., Ltd., Innotek assembling and testing high frequency JSC (Radio waves) equipment 3 Business entities engaging in harness assembly Viet An JSC, Hung Dung Co.,Ltd. 4 Manufacturers of IoT related communication equipment No appropriate company was identified FPT Software, TMA, Global CyberSoft, KMS, 5 Nash Tech, FIS, CMC, MISA, MobiFone, Business entities engaged in the offshore VNPT, VNG, DFM Engineering, RikkeiSoft, development of embedded software VMG, ELCOM, SmartOSC, FSI, NextTech, MK Smart 6 Manufacturers of optical equipment such as telescopes and binoculars (Contractors carrying out the maintenance of armed forces related equipment), sub-contractors concerned with the manufacturing of optical equipment such as digital cameras No appropriate company was identified Source: Created by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc In Situ Survey (1) Determination of Companies to be Visited In accordance with the List of Companies to be Visited compiled above, the sounding of the possibility for a visit for an interviewing was conducted with each company listed. Table 5-6 summarizes the companies having agreed to be interviewed and the promising fields, which were identified as the subjects of research. 5-18

107 Table 5-6 Promising Fields for Production in Vietnam and Companies Visited Field Companies Visited Manufacturers of printed-circuit board, Thanh Long JSC business entities mounting components on printed-circuit board Electric and electronic equipment Hanel PT, Thanh Long JSC, Hung manufacturers Dung Co., Ltd. Especially, EMS operators manufacturing, assembling and testing high frequency (Radio waves) equipment Business entities engaging in harness assembly Viet An JSC, Hung Dung Co.,Ltd. Manufacturers of IoT related communication TMA Solutions, FPT Software, DFM equipment Engineering Source: Created by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. (2) Itinerary The first half of the in-situ survey took place in the surrounding areas of Hanoi where electric and electronic companies as well as wire harness companies are concentrated. The second half of the survey took place in the surrounding areas of Ho Chi Minh City, where software business is prosperous. The specific companies visited, and the itinerary are summarized in Table 5-7. In finalizing the companies to be interviewed and conducting the interviews, the Study Team received assistance from the Ho Chi Minh City Space Technology Application Center. The Study Team contacted companies and universities to make appointments for interviews in this in situ study. The Study Team also visited the 7th JETRO Japan Vietnam Supporting Industries Exhibition and collected information on that occasion. Table 5-7 Itinerary of In Situ Survey Day& Time Destination Location Remarks September 10 Sun. Arrival on Location Hanoi September 11 Mon. 09:00-10:00 Hanel PT Bac Ninh Province Piezoceramic parts production 16:00-17:00 Viet An JSC Hanoi Wire harness maker (For bikes and cars) September 12 Tues. 09:30-10:30 Hung Dung Co., Ltd Hai Duong Province Production of LED illumination equipment and wire harness for sewing machines, 5-19

108 September 13 September 14 September 15 September 16 Day& Time Destination Location Remarks 14:00-15:30 Thanh Long Electronics Bac Ninh Province Wed. 10:00-12:00 Visit to the 7 th JETRO Japan Hanoi Vietnam Supporting Industries Exhibition 14:30- Move to Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Thurs 08:30-09:30 Exchange of view with Director Dr. Nguyen and 2 staffs at STAC/VNSC 10:30-11:30 (Quang Trung Software City) DFM-Engineering 13:30-14:30 (Quang Trung Software City) TMA Solutions Fri. 09:00-10:30 (Saigon Hi-tech Park) FPT Software Ho Chi Minh Co., Ltd. 10:30-11:30 (Saigon Hi-tech Park) SHTP Research Laboratories Center 14:00-15:00 Ho Chi Minh, Institute of Technology Dr. Tuan, Head of Electric & Electronic Studies Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Sat. Return to Japan Source: Created by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. Print board production, mounting (PCB PCBA) LED illumination equipment Many Vietnamese manufacturing companies located Aeronautical engineering, software development Software development and outsourcing (No. 2 in Vietnam) Software outsourcing/offshore development (No. 1 in Vietnam) Research & testing, training (3) Methodology of In Situ Survey Currently, satellite equipment industry does not exist in Vietnam. For that reason, the in-situ survey was conducted with a view in sounding whether Vietnamese companies are willing to participate in the supply chain of the satellite industry in the future and identifying the pre-conditions for the formation of the Vietnamese satellite industry in the future. With respect to the types of participation in the supply chain, interviews took place by suggesting the various possibilities. The types proposed to produce core components of satellite equipment included; within their own companies, under a sub-contract with foreign companies, such as Japanese companies; and as part of a joint venture. 5-20

109 Table 5-8 shows, as examples, questions asked to electric and electronic companies. In some of the companies visited, plant tours were arranged to observe production line. Table 5-8 Examples of Questions in Interviews Overview of business (Main products and major clients, etc.) Type of production (OEM, ODM, etc.) Sizableness of companies enabling them to cope with the conditions peculiar to satellite technology Whether Japanese government assistance have ever been received or not (Expert guidance on 5S and Kaizen, etc.) Experience of cooperation with foreign companies, including Japanese companies Whether or not the development of new business projects is planned or intended and whether the expansion of the existing business is planned or intended Items which must be addressed in the development of new business projects and expansion of the existing business Requests to the Japanese Government and Japanese companies Source: Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. (4) Summary of the Results of the In-Situ Survey Table 5-9 shows the companies visited, their fields of business and company overview. Table 5-9 Companies Visited and their Business Fields and Company Overview Companies Visited Fields of Business Company Overview Viet An JSC Harness assembly Wire harness (For motorbikes and cars) company Staff number approximately 230, OEM production, Targeting medium-term expansion of the existing field Hanel PT Electric and electronic equipment Piezoceramic components production, Staff number approximately 200, Mainly OEM production, Practically no ODM production, Targeting medium-term expansion of the existing field Hung Dung Co., Ltd Electric and electronic equipment, Harness assembly LED illumination equipment production, Wire harness (For sewing machines), Staff number approximately 120, President enthusiastic on new product manufacturing and interested in new projects 5-21

110 Companies Visited Thanh Long Electronics DFM- Engineering TMA Solutions FPT Software Ho Chi Minh Co., Ltd Fields of Business Company Overview Print board, Electric Print board production, Mounting (PCB, PCBA), LED and electronic illumination equipment production, Staff number equipment approximately 300, The only Vietnamese company certified by Samsung as being able to supply Tier I electronic components. Also carries out ODM production. Company with a relatively high technological level Software Aeronautical engineering, Software development. Staff development number approximately 70 The President, after having completed the doctorate course in aeronautics in France, set up a company in Vietnam jointly with his university supervisor. Later, with the company having attained stability, they opened its offices in France, Spain and Brazil Software development, Outsourcing (No. 2 company in Vietnam), Staff number approximately 2,000. The Chairman who had worked at a communication company in Canada returned to Vietnam and established his company jointly with his wife (The company now has a local subsidiary in Japan) They showed high interest in satellite application development Software outsourcing/offshore development (No. 1 company in Vietnam), Staff number approximately 2,200, Handles software development for automobile control and has many Japanese major manufacturers as clients Source: Created by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. The intention/willingness for participation in satellite equipment production as well as opinions and requests indicated by companies visited are described below, together with our observations: Satellite Equipment Production Opinions have been expressed that satellite equipment production is generally based on low-volume production and that it is not attractive for manufacturing companies. As of the present, practically none of the Vietnamese companies are actively willing to cope with such project, because high profitability cannot be expected for manufacturing companies in Vietnam, where mass production factories prevail. For this reason, unless there is a policy to support these industries, the likelihood of manufacturers of 5-22

111 print board and equipment to participate in the market of satellite equipment production is slim. However, in terms of potential capability, it was assessed that wire harness manufacturers seemed to already have attained some level of technology. It was also assessed that out of the major components, electronic circuit systems without movable parts could be manufactured in Vietnam. On the other hand, it turned out that the participation of local companies is promising in the field of software development. In the course of interviews with local companies, their willingness to participate in the development of applications such as image processing was confirmed. Furthermore, it was found that in Vietnam there are several companies handling application development and software development. It was assessed that they have already attained a sufficient level of capability. In view of the above, it was considered that though handling technically sophisticated and practicallevel radar satellites and optical satellites may still be beyond their capability for some time, small-scale optical satellites can be manufactured within Vietnam, if capabilities for the production of hardware such as wire harness and for the development of software such as image processing, which are sufficiently available in Vietnamese companies, can be properly combined. Figure 5-8 summarizes the above-mentioned points: Potential industries for localization PCB manufacturing/ assembling Wire Harness manufacturing EMS manufacturing/ assembling IoT device manufacturing Software development Optical parts/devices manufacturing Industries considered to be suitable for localization of optical satellite Viet An JSC Product: Wire harness (automobiles, motorbikes) Employees: apprx. 230 Production: mainly OEM Clients: Toyo Denso, Asahi Denso, Piaggio Product: Software development Employees: apprx Production: OEM, ODM Clients: NTT, Toshiba Hung Dung Co.,Ltd. Product: Wire harness, LED devices Employees: apprx. 120 Production: OEM, ODM Clients: mainly domestic clients Product: Software development Employees: apprx (Ho Chi Minh City) Production: OEM, ODM Clients: Denso Product: PCB, PCBA, LED devices Employees: apprx Production: OEM, ODM Clients: LG, Samsung Local companies interviewed by the Study Team (Sept ) Product: Aerospace engineering, Software development Employees: apprx. 70 Production: OEM, ODM Clients: Alstom Product: Piezoceramic devices Employees: apprx. 200 Production: mainly OME Clients: many Japanese manufacturing companies Survey Findings Most companies interviewed by the Study Team showed that they are capable of manufacturing/ developing hardware/software components of optical satellites. In the short-term, it can be expected that wire harnesses and software development to be procured locally from Vietnamese companies if detailed designs are provided. Figure 5-8 Mapping of Companies Visited and Survey Findings Source: Created by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. Human Resources Development 5-23

112 A number of technological support and human resources development assistance received from Japan were witnessed in the companies visited. Some have received technical cooperation from JICA experts on 5S, Kaizen and quality control and other owner-managers have received management training in Japan. Some manufacturers of wire harness and electronic equipment expressed their wishes for future assistance from the Japanese Government and Japanese companies in the field of technological support and human resources development. However, in the field of software development, no such specific request for technological support or human resources development assistance was made. This is perhaps partly because there are many companies in Vietnam that have a long performance record of transactions with world-famous companies Summary and Reflection on the Potential of the Vietnamese Electronic Equipment Industry The in-situ survey has shown that there are local companies with the potential of being able to participate, within the short term, in small-satellite projects, though limited to participation in fields such as wire harness and software. On the other hand, if the future localization of satellite production ( Made in Vietnam ) is to be aimed at, further technological acquirement on the part of local companies and further expansion of the number of companies able to participate is thought to be necessary. In light of the above, the proposed future direction of action has been summarized as follows: Future Direction of Action To take a step-by-step approach both to increase the number of Vietnamese participating companies and to expand the shared role and responsibility of Vietnamese companies by way of turning the production cycle of a small-size satellite (i.e., not practical satellites) within a short period of time; To advance their technological acquirement through the best use of international cooperation; To aim for Made in Vietnam not only in hardware (HW) but also in software (SH) resulting from the in situ survey that the potential of Vietnamese software companies is high; When the shared role and part of Vietnamese companies have reached a sufficient range, such achievement shall be applied for the development of practical satellites and the production cycle of small-size satellites shall continue to aim to further advance. Figure 5-9 shows the roadmap created based on the above-mentioned future direction of action. The technological fields are classified into 4 categories, namely satellite design; procurement of parts and components; assembly and integration as well as production of parts and components. The roadmap leading up to Year 2040 is composed by 4 phases on a 5-yearly basis. The outlines of each phase are as follows: 5-24

113 1) The First Phase (From 2021 through 2025) The period of the first 5 years shall be defined as being the period for verification of the technology acquired through Micro Dragon. The satellites of the same level with Micro Dragon shall be produced within Vietnam under the direction of the Vietnamese people. Vietnamese companies shall participate in the fields such as wire harness and (data processing) software manufacturing, which were found to be promising fields in this Study. In relation to this, procurement, though limited in scope, shall be conducted by the Vietnamese side. 2) The Second Phase (From 2026 through 2030) The next Phase is one during which technology for satellite design technology shall be acquired under cooperative arrangements with overseas companies. Procurement as well as parts and components production will expand the range of the role and part played by the Vietnamese companies. Components difficult to produce but essential shall be identified and measures shall be initiated for possible future production in Vietnam. At this stage, it is to be assumed that the entire process of assembly/integration shall be carried out by the Vietnamese side by way of making the best use of AIT to be introduced in LOTUSat. 3) The Third Phase (From 2031 through 2035) At this Phase, the completion of the set-up not only for assembly/integration, but also for satellite designing, procurement and near-total domestic production of parts and components including key components ( Made in Vietnam ) shall be aimed at. 4) The Fourth Phase (From 2036 through 2040) The achievements made up to the Third Phase shall be applied for the development of practical satellites and the small-size satellite production cycle shall be continued for further technological achievement. Thus, the Fourth Phase shall be used as the step for entering the next stage. The courses of actions towards producing more sophisticated parts and components as well as sensors or towards coping with the project for designing larger-size satellites is conceivable. 5-25

114 Towards Satellites Made in Vietnam MicroDragon Demo:50kg **Dragon Demo:50-100kg (similar level with MicroDragon) **Dragon kg **Dragon kg Apply to practical satellite Phase 0: Acquisition Phase 1: Verification Phase 2: Partially Designed and integrated by Vietnam Phase 3: Full Designed and integrated by Vietnam Enhance capabilities by repeating Dragon project Category Sat System Design - Partial (cw foreign company) Procurement Requirement Design Manufacturing Assembly/Integration Manufacturing Parts/Component *SW = Software *HW = Hardware Full Limited Partial Full Partial Full Full SW (Limited), HW (Limited) Ex) Wire harness, Data processing software SW (Partial), HW (Partial) Identify strategic components SW (almost full), HW (Partial) including strategic components Enhance each capabilities Figure 5-9 Roadmap towards Satellites Made in Vietnam Source: Created by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. 5-26

115 5.7 Capacity Development (CD) Plan for Earth Observation (EO) Satellites Development & Utilization Purpose of CD and Expected Outputs Space development and its utilization are driven by various and innovative system designing, and is imperative for the innovation of science and technology of countries. This certainly applies to Vietnam, where space technology development (exclusively defined as development and utilization of EO satellites in this Chapter) through CD is deemed effective. For such reason, this CD plan has been created and proposed, and the following describes the expected outputs. (1) Purposes of the CD plan 1) CD for AIT and system designing for practical operations of EO satellites. Through CD in Vietnam, strong capability in operating system design and AIT (Assembly, Integration and Testing) for larger scale satellites will be developed, as well as those in experimental satellites. Through this development, capability to solely set up technical specifications for experimental satellites and procurement of certain components from other countries will be advanced. 2) Speedy capacity building by agile development cycle Recently, small satellite technologies have been dramatically improved. By mounting payloads such as advanced sensors, extremely specific observations are becoming possible. These technologies also have been applied to satellite technology education at universities, shortening the entire process from design, development, manufacturing, launch, data acquisition, and to data analysis. Therefore, applying such in Vietnam is expected as an effective method for speedy CD. Also, small satellites would enable Vietnam to develop reasonable and sustainable satellites specially designed to obtain data in need. 3) Enhancing satellite utilization by Optical and SAR data integration EO satellite data includes 2 different data; optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR), each with unique features. Since both are mutually complementary data, optical and SAR data integration is considered to generate new ways of application or provide even more utilization. By endorsing CD to encourage this data integration, satellite data contribution to the society will be enhanced. 4) Capacity building in demanded categories for Vietnam Each country has its own social and environmental issues, so priorities differ from country to country. In Vietnam, while its rapid economic growth is generating large demands for economic infrastructure such as transportation and energy, actual conditions are far from meeting the demands. Furthermore, environmental pollutions and destructions have become significant issues. In such situation, CD will be conducted to develop human resources to solve these issues from satellite utilization point of view. 5-27

116 5) Forming the academic society and community of remote sensing in Vietnam Utilization of space development in Vietnam is still at its early days compared to Japan. Communities related to space technology (such as space utilization community and space development community) is still young. Researching, information sharing, seminars, and conferences by those communities are very important to raise the level of technology. Starting with academic societies such as for remote sensing, the plan aims at sustainable development of space utilization communities. (2) Expected Outputs Following outputs are expected from CD for Vietnam. 1) Enhancement of science technology through cooperation among industry, academia and government and effective framework of capability improvement To energize Vietnam s space activities and execute comprehensive human resource development, active industry-government-academic cooperation and integrated CD are important, which would support the growth of science technologies centered by space technology. Management training and awareness building for commercialization framework will be strengthened at governmental agencies and space organizations. Individual technical development and branding will be improved at industrial organizations. At the academia, comprehensive capability development will be addressed by collaboration with private companies conducting the seminars as part of system engineering training, as well as space utilization and development academies. In order to achieve these outputs, activation of Training Center for Space Utilization (tentative) and involvement of industry-government-academic cooperation in projects such as Made in Vietnam are important, and CD will be imperative for initiation. In the process of CD, the framework of training will be designed and executed with senior specialists and experts from Japan, as well as exchange students from Vietnam majoring in space technology. 5-28

117 Figure 5-10 Expected Framework to Promote CD Activities for EO Sat Dev & Use Source: The Study Team 2) Made in Vietnam for overall development, from design and manufacturing to integration (micro satellites, larger applications satellites) In order to conduct a speedy capacity building in an agile development cycle, developing Made in Vietnam satellites with consistent process of design, manufacturing and integration is effective, and is also cost efficient. Moreover, acquisition of technology in Vietnam will become easier. By starting with small satellite manufacturing projects with private companies, it would reveal the necessary steps for implementing state-scale projects and for acquiring technologies in need to develop the country s own satellites. 3) Enhancing satellite utilization through application and usage training Satellite data utilization is very important for the development of a smart and resilient society with space technology. Effectiveness of satellite data depends on how well user needs are incorporated in the application development and its usage. Training to strengthen such capacity will mature the satellite utilization. Through CD, human resources who can extract necessary data from well-designed applications will increase, encouraging the building of ideal society. 5-29

118 5.7.2 Cooperation of Industry- Government-Academy / Structuring of Capacity Building Framework and Strengthening Management (1) Continuous Space Management Training with Cross-Ministerial Cooperation and System Engineering Training for New Human Resources 1) Building a human foundation for long-term space activities Active cooperation among the industries, academia and government is imperative to build a human foundation for implementation of sustainable space activities. Capacity building through space management trainings for governmental staffs and system engineering trainings for targeted staffs from industries, government and academia is effective. Several trainings have been conducted to about 20 staffs of Vietnam space agencies. Having an increased number of employees, staffs and researchers at space agencies, trainings should be continued to strengthen the structure for effective operation. These trainings should be targeted to not only the space agencies, but also the governmental organizations, as such training would build the human foundation to support the strengthening of space administrations. Furthermore, system engineering training shall be enforced for experts from the industries, government and academia in deepening the understanding of the principles in system engineering, which is the underlining of any successful space programs and projects. 2) Contribution to the socio-economy and commercial activation with awareness raising by consolidating commercialization laws such as Remote Sensing Act (tentative) Legislative preparations by the government are also imperative to drive space activities. In the coming years, for accelerated space development and utilization, active commercial space activities need to be encouraged. Private company involvements in the space field are also expected. Meanwhile, for the advancement of commercial activities, approaches taken by the government to remove legislative obstacles are effective. Therefore, enactment of relevant legislations, such as legislations for satellite remote sensing data utilization and other space technology commercialization, shall be discussed within Vietnam. For such discussions to be held, each of Vietnam s governmental agencies need to know the principles of space laws and the expected outputs, as well as experiences of other countries. CD will support these processes by conducting training on space laws. (2) Establishment of Vietnam Remote Sensing and Space Development Academic Societies The development and growth of space communities are imperative to strengthen space development and to expand its utilization. Academic societies are the basis of those activities, and therefore, the establishment of a remote sensing society for remote sensing data utilization and a space development society for space technology development is recommended, as a platform to gather, provide, and share information and knowledges. Issuing academic and research journals, sharing outputs at conferences, conducting debate sessions, seminars and presentations, and dissemination of information through websites will energize the academic community, resulting in the growth of space technology experts. 5-30

119 (3) Establishment and Management of Training Center for Space Utilization (Tentative) Training Center for Space Utilization (tentative) will function as a hub of satellite data utilization with the industry-government-academic cooperation. On-the-job trainings, lectures, workshops, seminars, e- learnings and other various programs will be operated to promote space data utilization and its application to the society. In addition to the remote sensing experts from VNSC, universities and research centers, this training center will invite Japanese senior experts from the geospatial information and technology field to build trainings on space technology application including study cases and on governmental data utilization for user organizations that meet the various needs of the industries, government and academia. (4) Opening and Management of Study Courses on Academia-Society-Partnership, Jointly Operated by Private Companies, Academic Societies and Research Institutions Commercialization of space data utilization by private companies needs to be endorsed through mutual cooperation of industries and academic societies. Furthermore, structuring of businesses is necessary by identifying technical issues and finding solutions. What is important here is to bridge the visions of universities and research institutions to the needs of the society. For the space technology to be effectively utilized in society, the following will be necessary: conduct courses on society partnership such as the ones practiced in Japan; establish courses in universities etc. utilizing the expenses etc. received from private companies; and research and validate solutions to solve issues of the society and to capitalize businesses based on the actual demands of private companies Capacity Building for Made in Vietnam (1) Implementation of Pico/Micro Dragon Satellite Development with Consistent Process of Design Manufacturing Integration by Capacity development for Made in Vietnam satellite development would enable low-cost manufacturing through shortening of the procedures, immediately effective engineer training, and capacity building in collaboration with private companies. A sequence of already-existing Pico/Micro Dragon satellite projects shall continue to raise the level of Vietnam s small satellite development technologies, which will result in the manufacturing of a practical small satellite in Vietnam, within the timeframe of The step-by-step approach would increase the involvement of local private companies as the phases progress, and would improve the quality of satellite development abilities of the industries, government and academia. Furthermore, if capacity building for system design and AIT are conducted in addition to design and manufacturing trainings, a consistent process of designmanufacturing-integration for the satellite development would become possible. 5-31

120 (2) Comprehensive Industry-Government-Academic Cooperation Centered by the Vietnam National Satellite Center As mentioned in (1), comprehensive enhancement of Vietnam s satellite development technology requires effective industry-government-academic cooperation. Existing pico-dragon and Micro Dragon projects have already been implemented by engineers from Vietnam National Satellite Center (VNSC) with the support of Japanese universities. For that reason, in both types of projects, the engineers who experienced the satellite development in Japan will be the key in efficiently enforcing capacity building in Vietnam. VNSC becoming the hub would encourage satellite development projects jointly conducted by both private companies and universities, and that would result in further growth of Vietnam s satellite technologies. (3) Project implementation by utilizing Japanese senior and retired experts of space agencies and Vietnamese staffs who studied in Japan Japan and Vietnam have collaborated in pico dragon and Micro Dragon projects. These projects are to enhance Vietnam s satellite technologies with support of Japanese universities engaging in long periods of on-the-job training for engineers in Vietnam. Post and current trainees from these efforts, who studied in Japan, will be the key for the comprehensive human resource development. As mentioned in (2), those engineers who experienced pico/micro Dragon development in Japan are desirable for project managers or sub-managers to train other local engineers for building independent capacity of Vietnam. In the aim to develop Vietnam s independent small satellite in the future, having Japanese senior and retired experts of space agencies or companies stay in Vietnam for short to long term as advisors/trainers, should result in effective and smooth capability development Application and Utilization Trainings at the Training Center for Space Utilization (Tentative) (1) Comprehensive Industry-Government-Academic Cooperation at the Vietnam National Space Center In addition to human resource development, satellite data utilization also needs strong industrygovernment-academic cooperation for its capacity development. As proposed in (3), the establishment and management of the Training Center for Space Utilization (tentative) and the implementation of on-the-job trainings, lectures, workshops, seminars, e-learnings and other various trainings are expected to enhance space data utilization and its social contributions. Suitable location of this center would be at the current remote sensing division of Vietnam National Space Center (VNSC) or within Hoa Lac Hi-tech Park. By conducting training of satellite technology utilization accessible to all industries, government and academia, it shall encourage further satellite technology usage by governmental and private projects. 5-32

121 (2) Utilizing Japanese Senior/Retired Experts of Space Agencies and Companies, Courses Open to Private Companies, on-site Seminars, and e-learnings In addition to human resource development, space data utilization would be enhanced by Japanese senior/retired experts of space agencies and companies. For data utilization fields, short-term or on-thespot training with senior experts visiting from Japan for various categories could enhance data utilization in Vietnam. Also, as mentioned in (4), courses open to private companies in collaboration with industries and academia could accelerate use of space technology by private companies. Vietnam National Space Center (VNSC) and some universities have already cooperated in the past for educational purposes. By applying the existing framework, remote sensing experts from VNSC could visit universities for on-site lectures and short-term seminars on a regular basis to further the space data utilization. Providing e-learning in these lectures and seminars by experts in Japan would contribute in an even higher level of human development. (3) Advanced Analysis Training Using Free Optical and SAR Data (with Data Cube) Recently, satellite data are becoming accessible to the public and some medium to low resolution data are available free of charge. Meanwhile, Vietnam Data Cube (VDC) is being implemented within Australia s Data Cube framework. VDC is a data platform to archive Landsat, Sentinel-1 and 2 data, of which the government, institutions and universities have free access to. ALOS-2 data of Japan had been added to VDC and Canada s Randarsat-2 and Germany s TerraSAR-X are being considered to be added in future. Vietnam has most of its interests in 1) forestry management 2) agricultural and rice production management 3) water cycle management 4) disaster and climate change management and 5) maritime and coastal management. For these categories, advanced analysis and information management trainings shall be conducted utilizing VDC and free data with open accessibility. Since applications for utilization in each field are being developed in Vietnam and there is a possibility of applying Japan s advanced simulation and modeling technologies, possibility of joint research should be considered. (4) Hyper Spectral Data Utilization Training In Vietnam, a series of Micro Dragon satellites are at its phase of choosing a sensor to mount on the next satellite, and hyper spectral observable sensor is one of the options. Hyper spectral sensor is capable of multi-band observations with its high wavelength resolution, and depending on spectral attribution of each band, it sensors extremely specific materials. (5) Application Trainings for GSMaP (Rainfall NRT Data), INAHOR (Paddy Map/ Yield Estimation Software), JASMIN (Agricultural Weather Information Providing System) Japan has developed several satellite data utilizing applications with JAXA. These applications are expected to be implemented globally in countries outside of Japan. Having that in mind, understanding 5-33

122 the advantages and correct usage of these applications is imperative for adoption to governmental projects. The following describes the proposed trainings for each application by researching the potential of governmental usage of satellite data in Vietnam. 1) Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation: GSMaP The system is provided by JAXA in near-real time (4 hours behind real observation time) from several satellites (GPM-Core GMI, TRMM TMI, GCOM-W AMSR2, DMSP series SSMIS, NOAA series AMSU, MetOp series AMSU, a geostationary meteorological satellite IR). Its accurate precipitation scaling (for rain and snow) is expected to advance the weather forecasts and predictions of typhoon paths. 2) International Asian Harvest Monitoring system for Rice: INAHOR The system is developed by JAXA with synthetic aperture radar (ALOS PALSAR, ALOS-2 PALSAR2) data for multi seasons to identify rice paddy sites and land scaling by simple operation. By entering the yield amount per unit area, estimation of agricultural statistical data (of rice paddy area and its possible harvest amount) is possible. 3) JAXA s Satellite based Monitoring Network System for FAO AMIS outlook: JASMIN The system is developed by JAXA for the scaling of rainfall, soil moisture content and insolation amount as well as online visualization. It enables various agricultural data to be seen from a higher perspective, to understand the current status and to compare with the year before. These data and crop models are expected to improve the short-term harvest estimation of major crops. 4) JICA-JAXA Forest Early Warning System in the Tropics: JJ-FAST The system is jointly publicized by JICA and JAXA. The ALOS-2 data is used to monitor the changes of the tropical forests and these monitoring results are released online. The global status of tropical forests are updated once in 1.5 months in average. Through this system, illegal logging could be found immediately and therefore, prevention of illegal actions are expected. 5-34

123 Framework and Structure Development / Management Strengthening Government Academia Industries Knowledge development for commercial-related legislation to promote commercial activities Management / SE Training Creation of Related Societies (RS, SD) Establishment of a Training Center for Space Utilization Study Courses for socio-economy Enhancement of Industry (including equipment manufacturers) Promotion of Utilization Dispatch senior/retired experts from Japan for supervision (through JICA etc.) Initiate by engineers having studied in Japan as a project manager or assistant managers Dispatch senior/retired experts from Japan for training (through JICA etc.) Visiting lectures Human resource development for Pico/Micro Dragon projects Visiting lectures Study courses for the socio-economy Collaboration among Industries, Academia and Government E-learning Integrated analysis of Optical/SAR data Hyper spectral data utilization Applications utilization HW/SW potential companies participating (ref: Section 5) Pico/Micro Dragon projects using HHTP as a base Financing contribution to study courses for the socio-economy Figure 5-11 Long Term Strategy of CD Plan Source: The Study Team 5-35

124 5.8 System Development Structure, Schedule and Project Cost System Development Structure The development for the next generation optical earth observation satellite system includes the following works: i) Satellite System ii) Ground System iii) Procurement of Lunch Service iv) Procurement of Launch and In-orbit Insurance v) Transportation of Satellite and related systems vi) Capacity Development through Satellite Development (CD Advanced Course) In the above-mentioned works, because the Satellite System, Ground System and Capacity Development Advanced Course are closely related to each other technically, it would be inefficient if responsible companies are separated. Therefore, the Study Team assumes in this Study that the satellite manufacturer would be responsible for all. The proposed organizational structure for the development is shown in Figure Development for Next Generation Optical Earth Observation Satellite Satellite System Manufacturer Satellite System Ground System CD Advanced Course Procurement of Launch Service Procurement of Launch and In-orbit Insurance Transportation of Satellite and related Equipment Figure 5-12 Proposed Development Organization Structure Source: The Study Team (1) Development of Satellite System The development of the next generation optical earth observation satellite system is basically expected to be developed by a well-established and reliable Japanese satellite manufacturer on a full turnkey basis. The manufacturer will configure the satellite development specifications in consideration of the customer s requirements and conduct satellite designing. In order to confirm that the designed satellite system meets the customer s requirements, they will first perform a System Requirement Review (SRR) and a system Preliminary Design Review (PDR), then perform a Critical Design Review (CDR). After a successful CDR, they will proceed with the manufacturing of onboard equipment, followed by the system Integration, Assembly and Test (AIT). They will then perform a Post-Qualification test Review 5-36

125 (PQR) and Pre-Shipment Review (PSR) to judge whether the tested satellite can be shipped to a launch site for its launch. Then the satellite is shipped to the launch site and will be launched. After the launch of the satellite, an initial on-orbit test for the bus and mission onboard equipment will be performed to confirm its performance. After the successful completion of the initial on-orbit test, an Initial On-orbit Test Review (IOTR), including an Acceptance Review (AR), will be performed. Generally, the satellite will then be handed over to the customer if these reviews are successful. It is very important to select the location for the satellite system AIT for the project. The premises of the satellite manufacturer in Japan is preferable from the standpoint of cost reduction. On the other hand, the VNSC s premises is one of the options from the standpoint of effective capacity development. The final decision shall be made by the customer, and the details shall be determined by both parties in the contract phase. The delivered satellite is operated daily on-orbit by engineers of the customer, in principle. If an abnormal behavior of the satellite is observed, it is customary for the customer to inform the satellite manufacturer immediately and receive necessary support from them. However, this support work is considered as an additional work and a separate contract would be necessary. (2) Ground System The ground system is composed of equipment for ground station, satellite operation center and mission data utilization center. The Study Team assumes that the ground system is developed by the satellite manufacturer for simplifying interface and achieving overall optimization between the ground and the satellite systems. The ground system is developed in parallel with the satellite system. In general, design reviews for the ground system such as SRR, PDR and CDR are performed together with the satellite system. However, PSR will be performed independently from the satellite, due to the differences in delivery timing. (3) Procurement of Launch Service When selecting the launch vehicle for the satellite, the most basic requirement is for the launch vehicle to have sufficient capability and accuracy to place the satellite into a specified orbit by the satellite manufacturer. In addition to these requirements, the following requirements should be satisfied: i) can be launched on the date and time that the customer desires, ii) satisfies the requirements for ground facilities, such as the cleanliness is suitable for the optical satellite preparation, iii) has experienced at least two consecutive successful launches, iv) is a well-known launch vehicle in the global commercial market, and can perform interface negotiation and launch site preparation based on international standards, v) can obtain an export license from the Japanese and Vietnam governments, and 5-37

126 vi) is a launch vehicle and a launch site in a politically stable country. In general, there are two ways to conclude a launch service contract: one is a direct contract between the customer and a launch service provider, and the other is a contract between the satellite manufacturer and launch service provider. In the former case, the satellite may be delivered, and its ownership may be transferred to the customer after the completion of preparation work at the launch site, which means the satellite development scheme would not be in line with a full turnkey basis. The final decision shall be made by the customer, and its details shall be determined by both parties in the contract phase. (4) Procurement of Launch and in-orbit Insurance There are two types of insurances related to the satellite launching. One is a third-party liability insurance and the other is a launch and in-orbit insurance. The former one is in general procured by a launch service provider as a part of the launch service contract. Therefore, its cost is included in the launch service contract. The latter insurance covers satellite malfunctions, including total failure of the satellite from the intentional ignition of launch vehicle to one year after the launch. The Study Team assumes the customer will procure the insurance from an insurance company selected by the customer. Then, they shall select the underwriters for the insurance in a competitive way, to reduce the total price of the insurance. (5) Transportation of Satellite and its Related Equipment After the successful completion of the system AIT, the satellite is shipped to the launch site. In case that the system AIT is performed at the VNSC facilities, the satellite and its related equipment will be shipped to the launch site directly from Vietnam. This transportation will be performed by the customer themselves or via the satellite manufacturer. In the former case, the satellite may be delivered to the customer and its ownership will be transferred from the satellite manufacturer to the customer after completion of the system AIT at the VNSC s premises, which means the satellite development scheme will not be in line with the full turnkey basis. The final decision is made by the customer, and its details will be determined by both parties in contract phase. Since the satellite packed in a dedicated shipping container is transported in shorter period of time under acceptable environmental conditions, it is customary to use an expensive big charter flight to oversee the transportation from Vietnam. On the other hand, ships and trains are usually used for the return transportation of related equipment from the launch site for cost saving in many cases. 5-38

127 (6) Capacity Development through Satellite Development (CD Advanced Course) The capacity development through the development of the next generation optical earth observation satellite is defined here as CD Advance Course. The Study Team recommends similar educational trainings which have been planned in the Vietnam Space Center Project to be performed. The aim of the advanced course is to acquire practical knowledge and techniques for satellite development. The trainees shall be the customer s staff members with at least bachelor's degree or equivalent. The trainers should be staff members of the satellite manufacturer. The trainees will be educated during the satellite development activities such as satellite design, system AIT, preparation work at launch site, and training for on-orbit operation. The training has to be planned and performed under the limitation of the export control laws of Japan Development Schedule The satellite development period, which is from the start of the development to launch, is said to be about for three years in general. The Study Team considers this period to be reasonable and took this period as a baseline for the planning for the development of the next generation optical earth observation satellite in the case that the satellite system AIT is performed at the satellite manufacturer s premises in Japan. In general, the launch vehicle requires at least two years for its launch after contract. However, it is preferable to conclude the launch service contract at the earliest convenience. This is partly because few small launch vehicles suitable for the next generation optical earth observation satellite are available in the commercial market in the world and partly because the satellite is expected to be launched on the date the customer desires. In the development schedule shown below, the first interface meeting is expected to be held just after the start of the project. However, in reality, it likely will be held just after the launch service contract is concluded. In general, the procurement of the launch and in-orbit insurance starts two years before the satellite launch at the latest. The Study Team assumes here that the insurance company will be selected two years and five months before the launch as a baseline with some margin. In consideration of the contents mentioned above, the Study Team proposes the project master schedule as shown in Figure

128 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam's Optical Earth Observation Satellite for 5-40 Mon CD Satellite System (Typical case) CD IOTR SYS SRR/SDR/PDR LAUNCH Service IN SYS CDR launch period (LV IF meeting#1) (LV IF meeting#2) (LV IF meeting#3) parts procuremesat BUS manufacture/ait PQR/PSR Optical Sensor manufacture/ait SAT SYS AIT Transportation/FO/Initial ope IOT Ground System **** **** **** **** **** SRR DR PSR Acceptance Review Acceptance Test Ground Data System Test (GDST) Installation, Test Transportation In house Test In house Installation Procurement, Manufacturing Design Launch Vehicle Procurement Launch Insurance Mission Analysis K/O Preliminary Launch Report LV selection & LSA Negotiation Concluding PMAR SLRR LSA procurement window Launch Service Execution (Launch -24m) Insurance Manager Designation Insurance Contract (SLRR) (IOTR) Basic Insurance Plan Fix Capacity Development SYS SRR/SDR/PDR review INTEG witness PQR/PSR review SYS CDR review TEST witness Support for normal in-orbit ope (LV IF meeting#1) (LV IF meeting#2) (LV IF meeting#3) Training for Bus In-orbit Operation Training for Mission Data Reduction PSR review(ground System) Figure 5-13 Master Project Schedule for the Next Generation Optical Earth Observation Satellite Source: The Study Team

129 5.8.3 Project Cost The Study Team have estimated the project cost to perform the works shown in Figure 5-12, referencing development cost of similar satellites and published information. The conditions, assumptions, etc. for the cost estimation are as follows: i) Only one satellite is developed, manufactured and launched in Japan. ii) The satellite is launched by a Japanese small launch vehicle, Epsilon. Its launch service is procured by the customer directly, including third party liability insurance. It should be noted that the fueling operation cost including fuel itself for the satellite is included in the cost of the satellite. iii) The transportation cost of the satellite and related equipment is included in the satellite cost because it is for domestic transportation. iv) An initial on-orbit checkout of the satellite will be completed in about five months after the launch and an Initial On-orbit Test Review (IOTR) including an Acceptance Review (AR) will be performed. An on-orbit operation after the AR is to be performed by the customer themselves, with necessary support by the satellite manufacturer. The support work for the first three months is included as part of the cost for the CD advanced course. The cost for the support work by the satellite manufacturer after that period is not included in this cost estimate. v) The ground system uses the equipment which will be prepared by the Vietnam Space Center Project to the maximum extent. It is assumed that the ground station can be used just as it is, without any modifications. The necessary cost for addition of equipment and functions, replacement of the equipment, software license updates, etc. are estimated for the satellite operation center and the mission data utilization center. vi) The launch insurance cost is calculated with the following equation: - Insurance Cost = (Satellite Recurring Cost including Transportation Recurring Cost + Launch Vehicle Cost) (Satellite Insurance Rate + Launch Insurance Rate) - The satellite recurring cost including the transportation cost assumed here is approx. JPY 8 billion. Both insurance rates for the satellite and the launch vehicle are assumed here to be 7%. 5-41

130 vii) The cost estimate for the CD advanced course is performed based on the following conditions: a) A System Requirement Review (SRR) / Preliminary Design Review (PDR) and a Critical Design Review (CDR) will be performed two times in total during the satellite design phase at the satellite manufacturer s premises. In addition, a Post-Qualification test Review (PQR)/Pre-Shipment Review (PSR) will be performed. Twelve customer s staff members (trainees) are assumed to attend these meetings and stay in Japan for two weeks during each meeting. The travel expenses and accommodation fees for them as well as the cost for the satellite manufacturer are estimated. The design reviews for the ground system are assumed to be performed together with the satellite reviews, therefore, no cost is estimated. However, as the PSR for the ground system is to be performed independently due to the difference of delivery date, travel cost to Japan and accommodation fee of one week in the Tokyo area for six of the customer s staff members are estimated. b) The travel cost and accommodation fees are included for two of the customer s staff members to attend three interface meetings with the launch vehicle side to be held at the Tokyo area. c) The travel cost and accommodation fee are included for twelve of the customer s staff members for three months to witness the Assembly and Integration and four months to witness the environmental Test of the system AIT performed at the satellite manufacturer s premises. The education cost of the satellite manufacturer is also included. d) The travel cost and accommodation fees are included for two of the customer s staff members to witness the preparation work at the launch site. e) The satellite manufacturer s cost is included for the training of on-orbit operation to be performed at the customer s premises for the customer s staff members. f) The satellite manufacturer s cost is included for the training of mission data processing and reduction to be performed at the customer s premises for the customer s staff members. g) The satellite manufacturer s cost is included to support the on-orbit operation for the first three months at the customer s premises as mentioned in iv) above. 5-42

131 Chapter 6 Expected Social Benefit

132 6.1 Evaluation of Economic and Social Benefit Framework of Benefit Evaluation This section outlines (1) the evaluated contents and (2) the methodology of the evaluation. (1) The Evaluated Contents The evaluated process is shown in Table 6-1. Table 6-1 Process for Benefit Evaluation i. Survey Design ii. Current Analysis iii. Outcome of Benefits Process for Socio-Economic Evaluation Definition of the targeted Earth Observation Shown in 6.1.1(1) Satellites System (hereafter, abbreviated as EO system) for socio-economic evaluation and the specific terms Definition of the scope of targeted sectors for the evaluation Definition of the scope of targeted beneficiaries for the evaluation Current situation and issues in the targeted sectors Shown in Examples of applications utilized by Earth (Result of Economic Observation Satellites data (hereafter, abbreviated and Social Benefit as EO data) in the targeted sectors and its expected (by Sector)) benefits Current sectoral situation about the relevant data collection in case of Mekong Delta Region and its needs for EO data utilization Expected direct benefits to the domestic end-users Shown in for EO data (Result of Economic Expected socio-economic ripple effect on Vietnam and Social Benefit Expected ripple effect on the ASEAN region (by Beneficiary)) Source: The Study Team 1) Definition of the targeted Earth Observation Satellites System for socio-economic evaluation and the specific terms In this benefit evaluation study, the Study Team will not focus on the specific EO system, but will examine the benefits provided to the beneficiaries by using the general optical satellite and synthetic aperture radar. The specific terms used in the study are defined as shown in Table

133 Table 6-2 Definition of the Relevant Terms used in the Evaluation EO end-users Direct Benefit Socio-Economic Effect or Ripple Effect Taxonomy and Definitions We assume the domestic public organizations and the research institutions who collect the information from the EO data, transmit these information to the relevant sub-organizations and also use the satellite data for their own policy decisions, planning and academic research. We also assume the local people (including farmers, fisherman, forestry workers), companies, and organizations who engage in the sectors of agriculture, forestry and fishery to use the satellite data for their decision making necessary for the production activities. The effect of operational improvement in terms of efficiency and accuracy as a result of the fact that the market players on the value chain surrounding the EO system (such as satellite operators, intermediate users, and end users) utilize the satellite data and take action with policy planning and decision-making. The indirect effect that is contributed to the society and the economy of the region, the country and the citizens, as a result of the fact that the operational improvement (that is Direct Benefit) is brought to the EO market players. Source: The Study Team 2) Definition of the scope of targeted sectors for the evaluation As described in Chapter 3 ( Current Status and agenda of Remote sensing in Vietnam ), there are various fields and applications that the EO system can be utilized. In this benefit evaluation, the following four fields are selected, and in three sectors within (agriculture, forestry and disaster monitoring), field surveys were conducted in the Mekong Delta Region. (For details, see (2) the methodology of the evaluation) Agriculture Forestry Disaster Monitoring (Climate Change) Ocean Monitoring The above four fields were selected based on the criteria described in Table

134 Table 6-3 Selection Criteria for Target Sectors Selection Criteria for Target Sectors for the Benefit Evaluation 1. Aligned with The target sector is a focus on the national development goal in " Socioeconomic development plan for " 1 Government Goals Renewal of the economic growth model and promotion of industrialization and modernization of the nation for reorganization of the economy Enhancement of resource management, environmental protection, active prevention of disaster damage, and prompt response to climate change Defense, security enhancement, and solid defense 2. Existing In the target sector, EO data has already been used in Vietnam and the applied needs for ratio is somewhat large, so a high demand for EO data is expected (As in the utilization of result of Chapter 3: agriculture 12% forest 9%, disaster monitoring 27%, water EO data resource management 17%) 3. Potential In the target sector, the current applied ratio of EO data is small, but the sector needs for is facing global issues such as climate change and natural disasters, so that EO utilization of data is expected to have large socio-economic impact. EO data Source: The Study Team 3) Definition of the scope of targeted beneficiaries for the evaluation There are various upstream and downstream market players on the value chain surrounding the EO system. After developing, manufacturing, and launching the satellites and sensors, the satellite operators receive the raw data observed by the satellite, and the intermediate users perform basic processing, storage and value-added processing of data. Then, EO end users use these processed EO data depending on their public, private and academic purpose of usage. As a result of their action such as decision making and policy planning by EO data, the spilling benefit would be brought to the entire socio-economy. 2 As for the various beneficiaries existing surrounding the EO system, it is difficult not only to estimate the target sectors impacted by the EO system, but also to define the scope of the beneficiaries since the EO system itself has a unique characteristic of wide ranges of observation. Surely, some of the past studies have conducted the socio-economic impact evaluation; in case of the Landsat in the US, the effect analysis was conducted by offering EO data as free of charge and open data, and also in another case of the Copernicus program in EU, the socio-economic impact was evaluated. However, most of the 1 Socio-economic development plan for , Government Portal, Current Situation and Trends of Remote Sensing in Japan and Overseas", Cabinet Secretariat Office of Space Development Strategy Headquarters 6-3

135 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam s Optical Earth Observation Satellite for relevant studies identified qualitative effects but not quantitative effects by EO data, because the scope of the beneficiary is difficult to identify and define. Even if the quantitative effect is estimated in some studies, they are likely to limit the target beneficiary to only intermediate users who are easy to identify. In case of EO end-users, few studies is necessary because of the difficulty to specify the target. 3 Therefore, under the consideration of such constraints, this survey examines qualitative operational and socio-economic benefits, on the solutions offered by the EO system, and how the EO data would contribute to the current issues in Vietnam and impact the society and ASEAN region. In order to answer these questions specifically, the EO end-users were interviewed by an on-site survey. By the interviews, current operational issues for the EO end-users and their needs for EO data were collected. Then, the potential operational improvement by the EO data, that is, the Direct Benefit, and the qualitative socio-economic effect, namely, the Ripple Effect, were estimated. (For details, see (2) The methodology of the evaluation). As for the scope of the beneficiaries, the EO end-users are focused on the verification of direct operational benefits on the value chain of the EO system, and also focused on the socio-economic benefits indirectly brought to the entire region, the country, and the people. Figure 6-1 shows the image of the scope of the benefit evaluation. 2Expected beneficiaries by EO data Satellite Operators Intermediate Satellite Users Satellite End Users (Public,Private and Academia) Socioeconomic Benefit to Vietnam Ripple Effect to ASEAN region 1Expected sectors applied by EO data Agriculture Forestry Disaster Monitoring Ocean Monitoring Investigated Scope of Benefit by EO data (1By Sector&2By Beneficiary) Operational(Direct) Benefit by EO data Ripple Effect (Indirect Benefit) by EO data Figure 6-1 Image of the Scope of Benefit Evaluation Source: The Study Team 3 Study to examine the socio-economic impact of Copernicus in the EU,

136 (2) The Methodology of the Evaluation 1) Literature Survey In order to extensively investigate the current situation and issues in Vietnam in the target sectors, the various statistical data were collected from international organizations and the policy plans such as national strategy were collected from the government of Vietnam (Government Portal). In addition, the case studies on utilization of EO data in the ASEAN region were gathered widely from research papers which can be obtained online. 2) Interview with EO end-users in the Mekong Delta Region In order to verify the hypothesis based on the current situation and issues in Vietnam obtained in the literature survey, the Mekong Delta region was selected as a target area and the on-site survey was conducted for about one week. As stated in the target sectors of benefits evaluation, the sectors of agriculture, forestry and disaster monitoring where benefits are expected to be large, were focused on the interviews. Furthermore, the applications provided by EO data were focused on; 1) rice growth monitoring in agriculture, 2) forest monitoring in forestry, and 3) flood monitoring in disaster monitoring. These applications were assumed to have a high demand and needs in the Mekong Delta region. As for the sector of ocean monitoring, the interview topics were focused on coastal erosion with the interview of the forest sector. During the interviews, the Study Team asked intensively on how the related information in the target sector is collected, reported, and shared among the public sectors especially, by region / province / prefecture / commune level, so that the facts obtained on the current situation would help to consider the aspects that the EO data could be substituted or reinforced in, in terms of efficiency and accuracy of its operation. An Giang Province, which is located in the Mekong River Basin, was selected as the destination of onsite survey. An Giang Province is the center of the economic area in the Mekong Delta region next to Can Tho City and also the second largest province in rice production. As for the interviewed prefectures and communes in the An Giang Province, Chau Thanh District was selected, and the local public organizations and farmers were interviewed as potential EO end-users. Table 6-4 shows the interviewed organizations and main interview topics by the target sectors. 6-5

137 Table 6-4 List of Interviewed Organizations and Topics Flood Monitoring Interviewed Organization (Expected EO data end-users) Southern Disaster Management Branch in HCM Water Management Branch of DARD in An Giang Province Village Communities in Chau Thanh District in An Giang Province Interview Topics 1.How the local governments transmit their disaster damages to the headquarter emergency disaster control and flooded communities, and current issues for data transmission 2.Existing community based flood monitoring system 3.Economical and social impact on village communities in flood monitoring Rice Crop Monitoring Forestry Monitoring STAC/VNSC Sub-NIAPP in HCM Southern Region Plan Protection Center in Tien Giang Province Plant Protection Branch of DARD in An Giang Province Village Communities in Chau Thanh District in An Giang Province Can Tho University Forest Inventory and Planning Institute in HCM 1.How rice yield data is collected from the village communities 2.Difficulties &Issues for data transmission of rice crop monitoring in the region 3.Economic and social benefit on village communities in rice crop monitoring by EO data 1.Strategic Plan for forest management and issues in South Eastern and Mekong Delta Region 2. Environmental issues with related to forest inventory 3.Economic and social benefit by EO satellite data Source: The Study Team Results of Economic and Social Benefit (by Sector) (1) Agriculture Summary of benefit evaluation Rice is a key agricultural product to stabilize food security in Vietnam and to support the domestic economy. However, rice production is facing an unstable situation due to the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, such as the recent drought caused by climate change; for example, unstable change of quality and quantity of rice production, and unexpected change of traditional agricultural methods such as change of cropping frequency. Therefore, serious impact on the food security and the domestic economy have been likely, due to the unstable situation in agriculture. As a result of the field survey, it was identified that although periodic reporting on rice cultivation monitoring are conducted among agriculture-related organizations in the Mekong Delta region, but due to the time lag to transmit the information between agricultural organizations, they face operational issues such as difficulties in grasping the condition of pests that requires prompt judgment and in predicting rice production. The needs of EO data is high and it would help the agricultural organizations to take quick action if the EO data provides combined data such as on rice health condition, rainfall amount, and occurrence situation of pests. As economic and social benefits, the EO data is expected to contribute to stabilize the food security in Vietnam and the regional economy, as a result of stabilization of rice quality, quantity and market prices, which are now facing frequent occurrences of natural disasters. 6-6

138 1) Current situation and issues in the agriculture sector in Vietnam As mentioned above, Vietnam is oriented towards a shift to a "modern industrialized country", but agriculture is still a key industry that supports the domestic economy. As shown in Figure 6-2, the value added generated from agriculture in Vietnam accounts for about 20% of the total GDP and still accounts for a high proportion compared to an average of 5% in the Southeast Asia & Pacific region. Among major annual crops, rice accounts for 82% of the cultivated area in the country. The main producers of rice are the Red River Delta region and the Mekong Delta region, and rice is produced by the second and third stage works respectively. More than half of the rice cultivation area is planted in the Mekong Delta region, where rice is mostly produced as commercial use, thus, rice is an important export production that supports the local economy. Furthermore, rice is a staple food of the people, rooted in its climate, history and culture. Therefore, rice is indispensable to the lives of people, and can be said to be a pillar to stabilize public food security of the nation. Figure 6-2 Agriculture and Related Rice Production Data in Vietnam Source: The Study Team based on * 1 "World Development Indicators", World Bank, 2017, * 2 "General Statistics Office of Vietnam", "Agriculture" includes agricultural crops and livestock production, as well as forestry, hunting and fishing 6-7

139 Rice is essential for stable food security and agricultural products that support the domestic economy but is exposed to changes in the natural environment such as natural disasters originating from the impact of the recent climate change. For example, in 2016, the worst drought in the past 100 years occurred, and the government issued an emergency measure. In the Southeastern and Mekong Delta regions, 14 provinces in 39 provinces were in an emergency situation, due to the drought and salt intrusion caused by the lowering of the sea level. The estimated damages in the agricultural sector amounted to about USD 232 million and about 2.3 million people in the region also suffered from the disaster (see Figure 6-3). 5 Affected Province by Drought, 2016 Figure 6-3 Drought Damage Area in 2016 Source: United Nation Country Team in Vietnam, According to the results of the interview, about 1.5 April 2016 million people in the Mekong Delta region affected by the damages brought by the drought, and the entire village with about 30,000 villagers on the coastline was forced to move to other areas due to salt damages. It is reported that some rice farmers also gave up on the second term of work and converted to the first period of work, or some converted their livelihood from agriculture to fishery. 6 In addition, torrential rains occurred frequently throughout the country in According to the local interview, rice production in the Mekong Delta region decreased by 10% in the winter and spring season in as a result of this heavy rain damage, and this large amount of rain caused pest damages and resulted in less rice production. 7 As described in Figure 6-4, the relationship between climate change, natural disasters and the social impact in the agricultural sector can be summarized as follows. Climate change can be the main factor which influences meteorological conditions, including sea surface temperature and sea level change. Then such meteorological change could result in the change of an environment phenomena, including water quality change, that is eutrophication due to excess nitrogen, coastal and river erosion, salt damages, droughts, heavy rains and even pest diseases. As a result, the socio-economic impact related to rice production is likely to show by less rice production, unstable rice market price, instability of farmers' livelihoods, poor water supply, and even threatening of stable food security. 5 United Nation Country Team in Vietnam, April Based on the interview with Southern Region Plant Protection Center(SRPPC) in Tien Giang Province, November Same as footnote

140 Global-level Meteorological Phenomena Environmental Phenomena in Vietnam Social Impact in Agriculture Climate Change Sea Temperature Change Sea Level Change Abnormal weather (El Nino, Extreme rainfall) Crop Damage by Insect Disease Water Quality Change (Eutrophication by Nitrogen) Coast Erosion Lower Rice Crop Production Unsustainable crop market price Livelihood for farmers Water Resource Change River Level Change Saltwater intrusion Drought Riverside Erosion Poor Water Supply Threatening Food Security Figure 6-4 Relationship between Climate Change, Natural Disasters, Social Impact in Agriculture Source: The Study Team based on the local interviews 2) Examples of applications utilized by EO data in the targeted sectors and its expected benefits Applications utilizing the EO system, target end users, and assumed social benefits in the agricultural sector are classified mainly into three categories, as shown in Table 6-5. In this Survey, the application to "precision agriculture (rice growth monitoring)" is focused in on-site interview in the Mekong Delta region. Generally, EO end-users utilizing "precision agriculture" application are assumed to be agricultural workers and agriculture related organizations. In addition, as expected social benefits, it is assumed to enable estimation of rice production by utilizing the mapping data of croplands acquired by the EO system and to enable appropriate use of relevant inputs, including crop seedlings, agricultural buildings required for rice cultivation. As a result, such more efficient management would contribute to the increased rice productivity. Table 6-5 Applications, End Users, and Assumed Benefits in Agricultural Sector Type of applications Expected end-users Supposed social benefits Precision farming Yield mapping, input management, farm management recording Farmers Agricultural cooperation More efficient and appropriate use of agricultural inputs Increased productivity Seasonal mapping of cultivated areas Public authorities (national, regional) Assessment of crop location changes Better monitoring of food security issues 6-9

141 Water management and drought monitoring Decision makers National public authorities International bodies Prevention and improved monitoring of meteorological and hydrological droughts Source: The Study Team based on "Study to examine the socio-economic impact of Copernicus in the EU" in ) Current sectoral situation about the relevant data collection in case of Mekong Delta Region and its needs for EO data utilization Focusing on "precision agriculture (rice growth monitoring)", the flow of information shared among the Mekong Delta region, An Giang Province, Chau Thanh District is interviewed in order to understand how the main EO end users gather, disseminate and use the relevant information for policy decision on rice production, expected amount of rice, and crop health including pest diseases. Figure 6-5 Status of Gathering Information on Rice Production Monitoring in Mekong Delta Region Source: The Study Team based on the local interview As shown in Figure 6-5, the "Southern Region Plant Protection Center" is a regional regulatory agency that has jurisdiction over the protection of crops including 19 provinces of rice in Mekong Delta and Southeast region. It is a regional institution of PPD (Plant Protection Department) under MARD, and the main work is the implementation of the master plan concerning crop protection formulated by PPD, and it is aimed at monitoring disease pest damages, researching varieties resistant to pest damages and training farmers. As the provincial agency, "Plant Protection Branch of DARD in An Giang Province" is responsible for the protection of crops in the An Giang province. It has jurisdiction over 11 prefectures and has more than ten technical advisors in each prefecture, monitoring pest damages and advising agricultural crop growth schedules. In addition, each technical advisor is appointed at the commune level, and the advisors 6-10

142 consult with farmers directly on rice cultivation conditions and occurrences of insect damages and report the result to the above organizations. Regarding (1) how to acquire information on rice cultivation situation, the above organizations were interviewed. Also, their opinions about (2) the challenges in collecting agricultural information, and (3) the needs of EO data and the expected socio-economic benefits were obtained as shown in Figure Firstly, (1) Information on rice cultivation situation is collected from interviews from local rice farmers and communal agricultural organizations as the main sources of information, and it is reported weekly by phone or . They have few experiences for the use of EO data, except for project based usages, including usage by Can Tho University. In regards to the (2) Challenges in collecting the information, the regional organizations have concerns on the delay of responses to pest damages. Once the damages occur, the collected information is not enough to predict accurate future outcomes promptly, even if the organization monitors the current state of rice health. The provincial organizations may have the challenge in responding promptly to pest events due to the time lag of reports from the prefecture. Also, the prefectures (communes) mention that the technical advisors have a heavy workload for conducting interviews with farmers of about 90 households at each prefecture and sampling the rice to judge the health conditions. (3) Regarding the needs for the EO data and its social and economic benefits, the regional agencies expect that the pest damages and the changes of rice yields have already occurred due to the drought by weather fluctuations and increase of precipitation, so that it is important to gather complex data as well, such as pest damage, rainfall amount, and rice cultivation". They also have mentioned that "if the amount of chlorophyll can be observed widely, more frequent and broader monitoring can be conducted uniformly rather than the ground based data, so that it enables them to grasp rice cultivation situation and the insect flight quickly, and to instruct farmers how to take prompt actions for changes in rice planting, in order to prevent pest damages flexibly." The province mentioned that they would ideally like to observe a range of 20 hectares on a weekly basis" and "the synthetic aperture radar data will be useful regardless of the amount of clouds, though they would have the challenge of lack of technical human resources. The prefectures (communes) argue that, "if the situation of conversion from rice to other agricultural crops can be observed by EO data, it will be easier to predict the harvest yield of rice as a whole, and the prediction of the yield will make it easier to market the price as well. Therefore, these data would 6-11

143 help farmers to predict their income." On the other hand, they also argue that the real-time information by EO data seems very useful, but the ground-based data collected from the actual site is also important, in terms of double-checking the accuracy of the information. As described above, in the field of rice cultivation monitoring, there are many potential EO end users who need EO data for collecting predicted data related to agricultural products, which are likely to be difficult to be collected at present. However, it turned out that the operational benefits and merits by EO data are not fully understood Nevertheless, once utilization of EO data is suitable for the local needs in the future, the EO data will contribute to the stabilization of rice price, regional economy, and rice production, leading to the stabilization of food security in Vietnam. (2) Forestry Summary of benefit evaluation With Vietnam coexisting with natural disasters for a long time, forests are the foundation of the ecosystem, such as for easing floods and sediment-related disasters and forest soil has become a source of nutrients to the rivers and the sea. However, the forests are exposed to changes of forest coverage, decreases in mangrove forests, and coastal erosion in relation to climate change. Vietnam has already promoted the development of basic data which is has become the foundation of the national forest policy decision making, such as preparation of a national forest inventory utilizing EO data. But as a result of the field survey in the Mekong Delta region, it has been found that the EO end-users is experiencing the limitation of observation range and frequency. By using the EO data more effectively, such as through a more suitable observation range and frequency, EO end users would have an increased amount of information necessary for policy judgment related to forest monitoring. As a result, it will help the end users to implement the policies in the provinces, prefectures, and communes. The EO data would also lead to the maintenance of the forests (mangrove forests), the foundation of the nation's ecosystem, and to the development of a strong basis of the country for climate changes and natural disasters. 1) Current situation and issues in the forestry sector in Vietnam In general, forests have direct functions of "material production functions", such as wood and foods, and also have "environmental conservation functions", such as conservation of biodiversity, conservation of the global environment, prevention of sediment-related disasters, soil conservation, and water source recharge. Further, they provide "cultural functions" that offers a place for people's culture, religion etc. 8 8 Forest Partnership Platform, Website, Ministry of Environment, Japan, in December

144 In Vietnam, forests provide an important safety net 9 with many ethnic minorities that depend on substance production living in mountainous areas. They are increasingly playing an important role of global environmental conservation functions in terms of recent climate changes. Furthermore, for Vietnam coexisting with natural disasters from ancient times, forest soil is the foundation of the ecosystem including forests, rivers, and oceans that alleviate floods and sediment-related disasters, and stores nutrients supplies nutrients to the sea through rivers, etc. As for trends in the forest coverage ratio of the entire country, the forest coverage rate of Vietnamese land, which was 43% in 1945, has maintained about 40% even after 2010, but declined to 27% in the 1990s. One reason for this is that "The policy to prioritize food production was adopted even in the mountains where food production conditions are poor, so that it created the situation with the slash-and-burn field spread coupled with population pressure beyond the range of traditional cultivation which has been harmonized with the natural environment " 10 Figure 6-6 Forest coverage rate of land and forest destruction area in Vietnam Source: The Study Team based on General Statics Office of Vietnam, 2017 However, as result of implementation of the "5 million hectares forest planning plan" (1998 to 2010) led by the national government and MARD, the "Forest Development Strategy ", which shows the basic guidelines and strategies related to forest development, and "Plan for forest protection and development ( )" 11, Vietnam settled its policy objective on forest ratio in the land area to 47% by The forest destruction area has been declining from 2011, as shown in Figure 6-6. Meanwhile, "the quality of forests", which represents the "forest quality", has been low. Vietnam needs to expand natural forests and artificial forests, and decrease the devastated lands in order to improve the quality of forest resources. 9 "World History of Vietnam's World History from China to Southeast Asia", Motoo Furuta, Tokyo University Press, Same as footnote 9 11 Japan Overseas Forestry Consultants Association,

145 "National strategy on environmental protection " states that "Investment in environmental protection is investment in sustainable development as the Government opinion. 12 In , the national forest mapping was prepared for the first time in 25 years by the government s budget. It can be said that the government had pushed forward the protection of forest resources as the basis of relevant policy decisions, which is necessary for the sustainable development of the entire country. (See Figure 6-7) 13 2) Current status and challenges of mangrove mapping Mangrove forests, which is a forest ecosystem found in tropical and subtropical coastal areas, are a biologically important ecosystem on the Earth. Mangroves have a characteristic of being able to adapt to severe environments, such as high salt concentration and warming and high seawater temperature. It can even grow in tidal currents as well as muddy and oxygen-depleted soil, and provides fertile nutrients and dwellings to many marine organisms. Furthermore, it has the function of protecting the destruction of homes by storms, by softening high waves and strong winds. Figure 6-7 Forest Mapping in Southeast Region (1:250,000), 2016 Source: The Study Team based on Sub-FIPI in Ho Chi Minh City As shown in Figure 6-8, the Asian region accounts for 41% of the world's mangrove grown area, so the region seems to strongly receive the benefits of the biological function of the mangrove forests. In Vietnam especially, where 70% of the country's mangrove forests are located on the coastline of the Mekong Delta region. In the shoreline areas in Southeast Vietnam, which are susceptible to floods and typhoons, it is not only a cushioning material to prevent damage to houses, but also prevents salt damages to rice cultivation areas, and alleviates coastline erosion and water pollution. Therefore, the benefits are tremendously large. 12 National Strategy on Environment Protection to 2020 with visions to 2030, Government Portal, By interview with Sub-Forest Inventory and Planning Institution (Sub-FIPI) in Ho Chi Minh City 6-14

146 Mangrove forest by area (%) South America 11% Australia& Oceania 12% Asia 41% North and Central America 15% Africa 21% Figure 6-8 Distribution Area of Mangrove forests in the World and Distribution of Mangrove Forests in the Asia PACIFIC Region (Green) Source: The Study Team based on NASA Earth observatory Website However, as shown in Figure 6-9, the mangrove forest that was about 400 thousand hectares in 1943 drastically declined to about 138 thousand hectares in It means that 66% of which was lost in 70 years. Thus, it is anticipated that there have been economic and human losses, due to more floods and typhoons, saltwater infiltration into rice cultivation areas, deterioration of water pollution, and acceleration of coastal line erosion, etc. 14 The coastline erosion is especially in a serious situation. Although there are complicated factors such as the effect of climate change and rising sea level, the field survey results in the Mekong Delta region clarifies that there has already been a change in the coastline of 20 to 30 meters, and dike embankment and installation of bamboo fence are used to reduce the damage caused by erosion as much as possible. 15 Therefore, monitoring of the growing range of mangrove forests in detail would lead to monitoring the changes of land by coastal line erosion, grasping influences on fishery and ecosystem due to marine water pollution, as well as on agricultural fishery due to salt damage. It can also be a barometer to measure the impact of climate change. 408,500 Mangrove area (ha) in Vietnam 191, ,500 Southern Delta -66 % loss total 156, , , , , Figure 6-9 Trends in Area of Mangrove Forest in Vietnam Source: The Study Team based on FAO, Mangrove-related policy and institutional framework in Vietnam, FAO, By Interview with Sub-Forest Inventory and Planning Institution (Sub-FIPI) in Ho Chi Minh City 6-15

147 3) Examples of applications utilized by EO data in the targeted sectors and its expected benefits In the field of forests (mangrove forests), the applications utilizing the EO system, the target end users, and the assumed social benefits are classified into three main categories as shown in Table 6-6. In the survey in the Mekong Delta region, the application to "Forest monitoring (forest resource change mapping)" is focused on. Generally, EO end users utilizing the application of "forest monitoring" are supposed to be forest-related organizations of the regions, provinces, and prefectures. In addition, as a possible social benefit, the EO data would enable the preparation of a national forest inventory and the detection of illegal logging by utilizing the data on the scope and type of forest resources. Moreover, it leads to the more efficient management of forest resources. Table 6-6 Applications, End Users, and Supposed Benefits in Forestry Sector Type of applications Expected end-users Supposed social benefits Forestry resources and change mapping Forest cartographies, Tree species, biophysical variables, etc. Mangrove mapping Public authorities (regional, provincial, district) Public authorities (regional, provincial, district) National public authorities International bodies Support to perform National Forest Inventories Detection of illegal logging Monitoring of the impact of tree cuts Optimization of forestry harvest and exploitation Monitoring of the impact of mangrove ecosystem Source: The Study Team based on "Study to examine the socio-economic impact of Copernicus in the EU" in ) Current sectoral situation on the relevant data collection in case of the Mekong Delta Region and its needs for EO data utilization Focusing on the application to "Forest monitoring (forest resource change mapping)", the Sub- Forest Inventory and Planning Institution (Sub-FIPI) in Ho Chi Minh Office was interviewed in order to investigate how the forest-related organizations, the main EO end users, gather and disseminate information on forest resource changes, ranges and types, and utilize them for policy decisions. 6-16

148 Figure 6-10 Status of Gathering Information on Forest Monitoring in Mekong Delta Region Source: The Study Team based on the local interview As shown in Figure 6-10, Sub-FIPI, which has jurisdiction over 22 provinces in the Mekong Delta region and Southeast region, mainly performs forest monitoring (including mangrove forests) for preparing the National Forest inventory, and provides forest distribution maps to each ministry by using field survey data collected from the provinces or EO data. Regarding information on forest monitoring, the Study Team interviewed the (1) operational issues, (2) challenges of the entire forestry sector, and (3) improved operational effects by using the EO data and social and economic benefits. Firstly, for the (1) operational issues, they mentioned the narrow observation range of SPOT and VNREDSat-1 used for preparing the National Forest inventory, and the difficulty of cloud cover observation because the average cloud cover rate in the Mekong Delta region is 70%. They also have argued that there are large differences in the state of the forest in the dry season and rainy season, but currently, the observation is limited to once a year. Therefore, it is difficult to monitor the aging change in detail. Also, they face limitation of the field surveys in remote areas. (2) In addition, as mentioned in the literature survey, they point out "a severe drastic change in mangroves and erosion of coastlines by 20 to 30 meters". (3) As improved operational effects and socio-economic benefits by using the EO data, "if more accurate and frequent observations can be conducted, EO end-users could receive more information necessary for policy judgment related to forest monitoring. As a result, the policy can be reflected in the implementation of provincial, prefectural and commune affiliates, and the economic benefits would be doubled in the Mekong Delta watershed." Also, as Vietnam coexists with natural disasters, EO data would contribute to the stability of the forest management (mangrove forests) as the foundation of the 6-17

149 country's ecosystem, and eventually would lead to strong countermeasures against climate change and natural disasters. (3) Disaster Monitoring (Climate Change) Summary of benefit evaluation Nearly 70% of damage by natural disasters in Vietnam is caused by flooding. Due to the recent frequent occurrence of natural disasters, the effects to the citizens, including hundreds of thousands of people in evacuation, as well as house destructions in ten thousand units and impacts on rice cultivated areas and livestock are becoming serious. The Vietnamese economy also has been affected significantly by natural disasters. In the field of flood monitoring, as a result of the field survey of the Mekong Delta region, it has been found that there are many potential EO end users who fully understand the operational merits and socio-economic benefits by the EO data. Some of them have requested the EO data for "grasping the transition of the spread of real time flooding", which cannot be collected at present, and they would like to send prompt evacuation directions and minimize secondary damages. They expect that the EO data may have the effect in reducing about 20-30% of economic losses. However, it was found that the EO data has not been utilized continuously due to budget constraints and shortages to human resources. 1) Current situation and issues in disaster monitoring (climate change) sector in Vietnam The climate of Vietnam greatly differs in the regions, due to the long north-south land. Depending on the topography and climate, it can be divided into seven areas; Northern mountainous areas, Red River Delta, North Central Coastal Area, South Central Coastal Region, Central High Land, Southeast area, and Mekong Delta. Among them, the climate of the Red River Delta region, the North-central coastal area, and the Mekong Delta region, are regarded as areas with many natural disasters. The regions are characterized as follows. 6-18

150 Red River Delta region The average sea level is several meters, but from the end of July to early August, the level of the Red River rises to 14 meters compared to the plain areas. In the rainy season, rainy season works (July transplantation November harvest) are frequently influenced by heavy rains and floods, through the summer southwest monsoon. During the dry season work (December to March transplant April to June harvest) drought occurs due to the decrease in precipitation through dry winds from China. Figure 6-11 Factor Ratio of Natural Disasters (by Human and Economic Loss) Source: The Study Team based on Vietnam Disaster & Risk Profile, UNISDR Prevention Web, 2017 Northern coastal area... This area is located in a typhoon passage and tends to have heavy rainfalls and storms. During the rainy season (April to December), the area is affected by the largest rainfall (annual average precipitation is 2890 mm). Mekong Delta region The average sea level is less than 10 meters, and the average annual rainfall is about 2000 mm, which is concentrated during the rainy season, from June to October. The water level of the Mekong River is the highest at this time, and the lowest in May. In terms of the entire nation, as shown in Figure 6-11, most of the damages by natural disasters in Vietnam was caused by floods. The floods occupy 68.8% of human loss and 64.6% of physical loss. In 2015, the losses caused by the flood was approximately 2,295 million dollars, which is the second highest after the loss due to multiple natural disasters (approximately 2,376 million dollars) 16. As an example of recent natural disasters (shown in Figure 6-12), floods, floods of rivers, landslides, and flash floods are caused by heavy rain and long-term precipitation in the northern mountainous areas, the Red River Delta region, and the northern and central coastal areas. In addition to the public's safe living, including deaths and evacuation of 100,000 people, damages such as ten thousand housing units, rice cultivation areas and livestock have been caused, showing how the Vietnamese economy is greatly impacted by natural disasters. 16 Vietnam Disaster & Risk Profile, UNISDR, Prevention Web,

151 Figure 6-12 Recent Events of Natural Disasters in Vietnam Source: The Study Team based on Floodlist.com Website, (acquired Nov 15, 2017) 2) The disaster monitoring system in Vietnam As shown in Figure 6-13, the natural disasters in Vietnam are centrally managed by "The Central Steering Committee for Natural Disaster Management (CCNDM)", which is established directly under the Vietnamese government. The Committee conducts the search and rescues related to natural disasters and makes policy decisions. The MARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Development) is the major standing agency of CCNDM and Minister of MARD is the chairman. Committees for Provincial (Provincial CNDM), Province (District CNDM), and Commune (Commune CNDM) are established under CCNDM. The supervising agencies in the provincial, prefectural and communal levels are also explicitly decided, and the provincial-level CNDM is supervised by the dyke management or the water resource management agency. The prefectural level CNDM is supervised by the agricultural economics department, and the commune level is supervised by the appointed general affairs officer. In addition, the People's 6-20 Figure 6-13 Natural Disaster Management System Chart in Vietnam Source: The Study Team based on CCNDM Website

152 Committee chairman is appointed as the chairperson of the CNDM of the province, prefecture, commune. 17 3) Examples of applications utilized by the EO data in the targeted sectors and its expected benefits Applications utilizing the EO system in disaster monitoring fields, target end users, and assumed social benefits are classified into three main categories, as shown in Table 6-7. In the survey in the Mekong Delta region, the only application of "flood monitoring (pre-disaster / peacetime)" has been focused. In general, the EO end users utilizing the application of "flood monitoring" are assumed to be local disaster-related organizations, such as the CCNDM and provincial and prefectural level CNDMs mentioned above, as well as agriculture and civil engineering related institutions. In addition, social benefits are assumed to promptly grasp the damaged areas and to provide instructions regarding early evacuation to the inhabitants of the affected areas, by utilizing the data on the spread of the flood by the EO system. It also is assumed to minimize physical and human damage to floods, and improve their resilience 18 to national natural disasters. Table 6-7 Applications, End Users, and Supposed Benefits in Disaster Monitoring Sector Type of applications Expected end-users Supposed social benefits Flood coverage mapping for monitoring (pre-disaster) Public authorities (cg. CCNDM) Prompt detection of damaged area Early warning for evacuation Loss assessment (post-disaster) Anticipation of catastrophe, Observation of affected area) Risk modelling (update of risk models with EO data, validation and calibration of models) Public authorities (cg. CCNDM) Commercial end-users (Insurers, Emergency service) Commercial end-users (Insurers, Emergency service) Insured people Early warning, reduction of damages Better sizing of experts Higher accuracy of models Better control of financial risk Source: The Study Team based on "Study to examine the socio-economic impact of Copernicus in the EU" in CCNDM Website, and the organization chart acquired by the Southern Disaster Management Branch in Ho Chi Minh City 18 Resilience is used synonymously with "disaster prevention capability" in the disaster prevention field and "toughness" that can promptly restore the function of the social system halted in the event of a disaster 6-21

153 4) Current sectoral situation on the relevant data collection in case of the Mekong Delta Region and its needs for EO data utilization By narrowing down the application to "flood monitoring (peacetime)", the flow of information is investigated in the Mekong Delta region as well in the field of agriculture, in order to understand how the main EO end users or disaster monitoring related institutions gather and disseminate information on the extent of the flood, the level of the flood, and damage prediction. Figure 6-14 Status of Gathering Information on Disaster Monitoring in Mekong Delta Region Source: The Study Team based on the local interview As shown in Figure 6-14, "Southern Disaster Management Branch in Ho Chi Minh City (SDMB) is a regional supervisory body of 19 provinces located in the Mekong Delta region and Southeast region and belongs to the Department of Natural Disaster Response and Recovery 19 under MARD. Major tasks of SDMB are to formulate medium and long-term plans (5 years and annual) on disaster management, to monitor flood disasters during at ordinary times, to collect and provide information from disaster areas in the event of a disaster, and to provide advice on provincial and prefectural disaster countermeasures. Under its umbrella of DARD, Water Management Branch of DARD in the An Giang Province has been established for flood control and water management (including irrigation) of the province and for jurisdiction over the entire province with a population of 2 million. They collect meteorological data transmitted from the country, the water level data reported by the prefectures and communes at ordinary times, and the water level, rainfall amount and temperature data from the precipitation observation 19 There are two regional institutions in Vietnam, the institution is located in Ho Chi Minh City who manages 19 provinces and the other is located in Da Nang. 6-22

154 sensor installed in the Mekong River basin and the canal. For information necessary for flood monitoring, the Study Team gathered opinions on (1) current data collection method, (2) current problems, (3) needs of the EO data and their social and economic benefits. Firstly, in regards to the (1) information on the current flood situation, it is mainly collected through interviews to the prefectural agencies that has jurisdiction over the local water management. The information on the water level, rainfall amount, agricultural crops and human damage situation is sorted into daily, weekly and monthly data, and is reported by phones and s. The information on the spread of floods is not collected. Regarding future weather forecasts, SDMB gathers weather data of the Southeast Asia region provided free of charge mainly by the Meteorological Agencies of other countries (Philippines, Japan, Hong Kong, etc.), and disseminates the prediction of the path of the typhoon and weather forecast to the relevant ministries. As for the utilization of EO Data, the regional agencies are aware that the Mekong Delta Committee, an international organization, measures and sells data on the region s Mekong River water level. However, due to budget constraints, they do not use the EO data. The province mentioned that, "The erosion of two rivers in the province is intense. We had observed the river basin by UAV in 2017, but the UAV can only observe a narrow range at once, which is not enough. Thus, we want to collect visual data of the two rivers entirely over a wide area, by utilizing the EO data". The prefecture (commune) mentioned that, "There is no clear flood monitoring and evacuation simulation available in the community. The residents know the water level and its range, at what period, and to what extent to which the land is covered with water would be, from their past experiences, so that they can accordingly plan the rice crop production and lifestyle flexibly". In addition, they have mentioned that "The community uses the speaker to announce storms and floods that require evacuation. (2) As one of the problems of the current situation, the regional agencies argue that, "Real-time data is important for disaster monitoring. In the current situation, on-site surveys or helicopters are used in order to investigate the safety of ship sailing on the river and economic loss due to the disaster. However, the cost of gathering local information is extremely high." The province mentioned that there are shortages of human resources, such as a specialist for water management to respond to erosion damage". The prefecture (commune) requests for timely information dissemination because it takes a long time to obtain the water level data of the upstream of Mekong River from the country." (3) Regarding the needs for EO data and its social and economic benefits, the region requests that, "By using synthetic aperture radar satellite data, it will be possible to collect real-time data even if it is being cluttered by clouds. We also request to implement a disaster assessment and management system to grasp human and economic losses in Vietnam, such as the "Disaster Assessment Management System that Japan has already developed, once the past flood data is accumulated". Furthermore, Real-time information on the trends of flood spread will enable us to send prompt instructions and prevent secondary damages. We expect the information would reduce about 20-30% economic losses". Also, the 6-23

155 province expects that, "If we can monitor the river erosion situation extensively, we can predict the impact on farming households quickly, using accurate and uniform data, and this will lead to actions such as the protection of crop production, market price, and river houses etc. The prefecture (commune) have provided an opinion that, "Real-time information based on the EO data is useful, but it is also important to collect information from actually visiting the sites, to compare the data." As mentioned above, in the field of flood monitoring, there are many EO end users who sufficiently understand the operational merits and socio-economic benefits by EO data, but limits continuous observation by EO data due to budget constraints or human resource shortages. (4) Ocean Monitoring 1) Current situation and issues in the ocean monitoring sector in Vietnam In Vietnam, with long coastal lines from the north to south, the country is largely socio-economically benefiting from marine resources, with ocean monitoring as one of the important policies, in terms of national security. At present, the ocean monitoring field focuses on strengthening coastline erosion, water pollution, illegal fishing, and security. Coastline erosion and water pollution As described in the Section on the forestry sector (mangrove forests), it is predicted that the acceleration of coastal line erosion and deterioration of water quality contamination will lead to a socio-economic loss of the country with a sharp decline of mangrove forests 20. According to the results of the field survey in Mekong Delta region, it was found that there has already been a change in the coastline by 20 to 30 meters. The reduction of erosion damage is managed by the construction of a dike embankment or the installation of a bamboo fence, as much as possible 21. Therefore, it is important to monitor the growing range of mangrove forests in detail because it would contribute to monitoring the change of land by coastal line erosion, grasping influence on fishery and ecosystem by marine water pollution, and grasping influence on agricultural fishery by salt damage. The mangrove monitoring even can be a barometer to measure the impact of climate change. Strengthening of countermeasures for illegal fishery and security Illegal fishery has been one of the challenges for Vietnam for a long time. Although the fisheries law against illegal fishery was enacted in 2003, illegal fishery activities have not been eradicated since the enactment of the law. In response to this situation, a warning (yellow card) was issued by the European Union (EU) as the country is not responding to the protection of aquaculture resources from the standards of international law. If the problem is promptly solved by implementing the action plan 20 Mangrove-related policy and institutional framework in Vietnam, FAO, Interview with Sub-Forest Inventory and Planning Institution (Sub-FIPI) in Ho Chi Minh City 6-24

156 prepared by the EU, the warning will be changed to a warning cancellation (green card), but if it is not resolved, the red card will be likely to be issued and strict measures such as prohibition on trade of seafood would be taken. In response to this, the Vietnamese government and MARD, the supervisory ministry of fishery, have taken a strict position against illegal fishery (IUU fishing), revised the Fisheries Law, and created a national action plan to eliminate IUU fishing by In consideration of the government s position, there is a need to utilize the EO data for grasping and monitoring actual conditions against illegal fishery, in order to protect abundant aquaculture resources of Vietnam and benefit from international trade. Ocean monitoring is also important from the viewpoint of security. As mentioned above, strengthening national defense, security, and maintaining robust defense are set as important objectives to be achieved by the Vietnamese Government in the " national development action plan". These achievements will lead not only to the national interests of Vietnam, but also to the stability in the Asia- Pacific region and its affiliated ASEAN region. 2) Examples of applications utilized by the EO data in the targeted sectors and its expected benefits In the field of ocean monitoring, the applications utilizing the EO system, target end users, and assumed social benefits can be summarized as shown in Table 6-8. Table 6-8 Applications, End Users, and Supposed Benefits in Ocean Monitoring Sector Type of applications Expected end-users Supposed social benefits Monitoring and prevention of coastal erosion Local authorities Fish farmers National agencies Effective prevention of the coastal erosion Mapping of fishing zones Fish farmers Public authorities Facilitation of the performance inventory of aquaculture More efficient fishing Mapping of marine protected areas Public authorities National agencies Research centers Improved protection of aquatic species and marine biodiversity Source: The Study Team based on "Study to examine the socio-economic impact of Copernicus in the EU" in Vietnam News, VN to halt illegal fishing by 2025, posted on 11th December

157 3) Current sectoral situation on the relevant data collection in case of the Mekong Delta Region and its needs for EO data The field of ocean monitoring has not been included in the scope of survey of the Mekong Delta region this time and only interviews to the forestry sector (mangrove forests) has been conducted to investigate the availability of the EO system for coastal line erosion. Results shall be referred to the forestry sector (6.1.2 (2)) Result of Economic and Social Benefits (by Beneficiary) (1) Expected Direct Benefits to the Domestic End-Users for EO Data As mentioned above, the Study Team examined the challenges and needs of EO end users in each sector, including agriculture, forestry, disaster monitoring (climate change) and ocean monitoring sectors in the Mekong Delta region as a case study. In this Section, the direct operational benefits expected to be received by existing potential EO end users in Vietnam will be examined, based on the on-site surveys in the Mekong Delta region. For the expected EO end users, agriculture, forestry and fishery workers (agencies) etc., who are making the decision on the necessary data to be obtained for their production activities, and domestic public agencies, who formulate policy decisions with the obtained information, are assumed. According to the results of the Mekong Delta region survey, it was figured that there are some cases where the EO data are used to predict rice production and to prepare forest vegetation maps. However, in most of the stationary works, many institutions predominantly relies on meteorological data, on-site interviews, and sampling of plants, etc., and they estimate the "current situation" from such various information rather than direct individual source of information such as the EO data. Problems were collected from local interviews, as shown in Table The contents of the interviews also have overlaps with the benefit results (by sector) in

158 Table 6-9 Challenges and Needs for EO End-Users in the Mekong Delta Region EO end-users in the Mekong Delta region Information on rice pests are informed to farmers in provinces and prefectures mainly via TV and radio. Although sometimes the photos are attached with the information, precise visual data by the EO data will be an important tool to be shared. (agriculture field) There are remote areas where data collection is difficult when investigating forest vegetation. (forestry field) The current forest vegetation survey is conducted once a year. We use EO data by SPOT etc. but its narrowness of observation range is a difficulty. Ideally, we would like to conduct the survey twice a year in the dry and rainy seasons and observe a more detailed yearly changes. (forestry field) For flood monitoring, we estimate the range of damage by floods through predicting the precipitation by the path of the typhoon with the weather data and water level data of the river obtained from the local authorities, and the warning water level standard provided by MARD. We currently do not observe the spread of the surface of flood waters. (Disaster monitoring field) EO end-users in the An Giang Province Regarding the growth situation of rice and the status of pests, we receive reports from the prefecture and commune offices every week by phone, but the timing of reporting is slow as the information is only obtained by telephone even at emergencies such as when pest damages are occurring. (agriculture field) It is ideal that the range of 20 ha can be observed at one time on a weekly basis. (agriculture field) Regular flooding reports are collected on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis from the prefectures and communes, and when serious floods occur, we receive reports on physical and human damage situations three times a day. (disaster monitoring field) The erosion of two rivers flowing through the An Giang province is intense, and a river observation is carried out at UAV. However, only a narrow range can be observed at one time, and the entire river cannot be observed. (disaster monitoring field) Approximately 7 precipitation sensors are installed by the provincial budget, continuously monitoring the water level, rainfall amount and temperature along the river basin and irrigation canal every day. The operational budget is US $ 15,000 per year. (disaster monitoring field) 6-27

159 EO end-users in commune level An Giang Province Only one agricultural technician is available in the commune, he/she goes out almost all day and consults 90 households on rice production and pest conditions. (Agriculture field) We receive upstream water level data via provinces, but the timing to obtain information is delayed and we want real-time information. (disaster monitoring field) I think that real-time information utilizing remote sensing is useful, but we think that it is necessary to use in combination with information collected at the site. (disaster monitoring field) Source: The Study Team based on the local interview As mentioned above, there were many opinions that point out the delay in the sharing of information collected locally, to mainly the local, ministry, and community s administrative bodies. In addition, there are cases where observation of water level and river erosion is made by the specific regions by using a precipitation sensor and UAV from the provincial budget, but many institutions have limitations on expenses and constraints on the observation ranges. On the other hand, the EO end users at each level deeply understands the benefits of monitoring by utilizing EO data, and they desire not only the optical satellite data capable of higher resolution and wide area observation, but also yearly observation by the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in the Mekong Delta region, where thick clouds are mostly seen 11 months a year. Nevertheless, some institutions argue that they have operational restrictions due to lack of technical capability to use and operate the SAR data. Moreover, for the institutions that have already used the EO data, when using observation data using MODIS in the project budget by the local universities, the deviation from the actual collected data on-site is large, so further discussions are likely required for combined utilization with locally collected data. Therefore, the Study Team examines how the above-mentioned issues can be improved and solved by replacing or supplementing the EO data with the existing on-site collected data. As shown in Figure 6-15, the operational merits differ according to the needs and tasks of each field. In the field of disaster surveillance, real-time data is more important, thus increased frequency of observation to 3-5 days by optical satellite data or observation regardless of cloud covering by synthetic aperture data would enable the shortening of the detection time required to grasp the disaster area, and to reduce the time required for CCNDM to dispatch disaster correspondences to each region, prefecture, and commune. From the field interview, it has been found that high cost is required for the use of helicopters to collect the information on the damage situation of vessels along the river and houses for estimation of the economic losses after the disaster. 6-28

160 If the trend of the spread of floods is possible to detect in real-time, the relevant organizations could promptly give instructions, prevent secondary damages and impact the reducing of about 20-30% of the economic losses currently caused by flood damages according to the on-site interview. Similarly, in the field of ocean monitoring, increased observation frequency would contribute to the efficiency of detection activity of illegal fishing vessels. Further, continuous collection of uniform data by optical satellite data would enable to analyze the long-term trend of water pollution. In the agriculture field, by using the satellite data in a wide range, high frequency, and high resolution, the increased amount of information would contribute to the accuracy of monitoring the rice production, and detection of natural phenomena related to agriculture, such as droughts and salt damages. In the forestry field, it requires a wide range of observations at the same time. Therefore, by utilizing a wide range of optical satellite data, it will contribute not only to the reduction of time and cost concerning on-site collection, but also to data collection of local forest vegetation status in remote areas where on-site survey is hard to conduct. From the on-site interviews, it was found that the Mekong Delta region would have about twice of economic impact by the EO data. The point that is common is that it is possible to reflect the direct data collected by the EO system likely difficult to obtain from on-site, to the precise policy making. For example, in the disaster monitoring field in the Mekong Delta region, the water level, precipitation, and meteorological data are collected rather than the data on the extent of the flood range required to identify the flood damage. If the transition of spreading floods can be collected and monitored by utilizing the EO data, the flood damage area based on this direct data can be detected more promptly, and this information would contribute to speeding up the evacuation instructions, and grasping the damaged areas of agricultural crops and houses after the occurrence of the disaster. 6-29

161 Figure 6-15 Expected Direct Benefits for EO End-Users by EO Data Source: The Study Team (2) Expected Socio-Economic Ripple Effect on Vietnam By utilizing EO data as described above, it is expected that the accuracy and efficiency of data necessary for policy making and decision making for EO end-users will be improved as a result of EO end-users having operational direct benefits. As its ripple effect, many literature surveys and on-site surveys prove that the Vietnamese society and the economy would have the ripple effects that will improve the issues facing in agriculture, forestry, disaster monitoring and ocean monitoring sectors mentioned in each section. As already described in the results of sectoral benefits, it can be summarized as shown in Figure 6-16 which clarifies the relationship among the national goals such as the five-year socio-economic development plan ( ), the solution by the EO system, and expected socio-economic benefits. In order to achieve the three pillars that are listed as priority targets: (1) realizing the formulation of a modern industrialized country by 2020, (2) restructuring a country strongly corresponding to disasters, and (3) securing regional safety and peace, it is necessary (1) to improve productivity and efficiency and to strengthen competitiveness through various industries, (2) to formulate prompt and active response schemes to natural disasters over a long term vision, and (3) to enhance defense and ensure security. In such situation, the EO data could provide the following various solutions; First of all, with regard to (1), it is possible to respond to the precision of agriculture and efficiency of water and drought management by utilizing applications such as rice cultivation monitoring using high resolution data. Also, urban planning in the insurance sector needs the EO data by which the detailed location of houses can be detected, thereby contributing to improving the efficiency of urban planning and the insurance sector. As a result, industrial competitiveness in Vietnam would improve, and contribute to a 6-30

162 more stable economic basis. Furthermore, trained and accumulated specialized human resources in the space industry would enable Vietnam to lead the space development in the ASEAN region, demonstrating its presence. Eventually, the EO system would contribute to the realization of the national target of "formulation of a modern, industrialized country. Secondly, with regard to (2), the EO data would help the prompt responses to natural disasters by widerange and high-frequency observations, which are likely to be difficult to conduct by on-site surveys. In addition to helping to build a strong climate resilient nation, it can also contribute to the stabilization of the lives of Vietnamese citizens and the improvement of environmental conservation, corresponding to global environmental standards. Thirdly, with regard to (3), it is also expected to secure the safe marine environment in the Asia-Pacific region, by monitoring illegal fishing vessels through continuous marine surveillance enabled by the EO data. Figure year Socio-Economic Development Plan for and other Relevant Strategic Plans, and Expected Socio-Economic Ripple Effects by EO Data Source: The Study Team (3) Expected Ripple Effect on the ASEAN Region Since the end of Doi Moi, Vietnam has strengthened international interdependence on ASEAN by converting to a security policy that emphasizes economic power and international relations 24. On that 24 "World History of Vietnam's World History from China to Southeast Asia", Motoo Furuta, Tokyo University Press,

163 basis, sharing and contributing to regional issues faced by ASEAN countries have been increasingly important, in response to the recent climate change and security concerns in the region. Therefore, it is also likely to be useful to consider how Vietnam would contribute to ASEAN countries by effectively utilizing the EO data, and what types of ripple effects are expected to impact the region. Thus, taking the cases of Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos, which are ASEAN member countries that share the Mekong River with Vietnam, a literature survey was conducted on research achievements (during ) by the EO data (optical satellite and synthetic aperture radar) for (1) land use / land covering, (2) agriculture, (3) forest sectors. Table 6-10 shows the summary of the usage status of EO data in the three countries. 6-32

164 Thailand Application field Used satellites Main research organizations Cambodia Application field Table 6-10 Trends in the State of Utilization of EO Satellite Data in the Surrounding Countries along the Mekong River ( only) In (1), most of the studies are about the monitoring of changes in land use. Some studies are on mangroves and seaweed mapping. (2) Most studies are on rice growth monitoring and harvest estimation. (3) various studies available; forest growth distribution, mangroves, natural rubber trees, and mapping of industrial forests etc. In (1), LANDSAT is predominantly used, and some uses RADARSAT, IKONOS, Worldview etc. (2) In optical satellites, MODIS is mainly used, and in SAR, ALOS, RADARSAT, and SENTINEL are used. In (3), LANDSAT usage is predominantly large, but SPOT 5, ALOS, and MODIS etc. are used in some studies. Among the three target countries, Thailand has many research conducted in the field, and most are implemented by the universities and research institutes in Thailand. In (1), many studies are on the monitoring of diversion of land use to farmland. Some studies are about the monitoring of urbanization and detection of water pollution. (2) is mostly focused on the monitoring of rice production, and there are some researches such as flood mapping and estimation of affected rice farming areas. In (3), various studies on mapping of the vegetated canopy in the Angkor Wat area and the monitoring of forest distribution are available. Used satellites In (1), LANDSAT is predominantly used, and some uses SENTINEL, IKONOS, Main research organizations Laos Application field Used satellites MODIS, SPOT etc. In (2), MODIS, ALOS, MODIS, LANDSAT, ENVISAT etc. are used. In (3), in addition to LANDSAT, high-resolution data such as Google Earth and VHR aerial imaginary etc. are used. There are only a few studies conducted independently, and many cases are conducted by overseas research institutes or by collaboration with more than two institutions. The number of research achievements is less compared to other two countries. In (1), land use and grassland distribution monitoring etc. have been conducted. In (2), monitoring research on the transition of the cultivation range has been conducted. (3) focuses mostly on the monitoring of forest distribution and vegetation changes. (1) LANDSAT and ALOS, (2) MODIS and LANDSAT, (3) mostly MODIS is used Main research organizations Like Cambodia, there are only a few studies conducted independently, and many cases are studied by overseas research institutes or by collaboration with more than two institutions. 6-33

165 Source: Created by The Study Team based on literature survey (4) Regional Level Research Achievements in the Mekong River Basin Research topics through the Asian region are mostly related to mapping and monitoring of rice and other agricultural crops, and others are mostly focused on deforestation, forest destruction, mapping of land cover and vegetation. These large number of similar research mean that the Mekong River Basin have common problems in these topics. In consideration of the results of the above literature survey, there are only few existing research on the agricultural field at the regional level. Therefore, it is speculated that the research using the method of optical satellites or SAR data may be insufficient for the crop distribution map, growth status, damage estimation, and production forecast, etc. in the region. Although there are several land coverage maps in the world, there may be a need to prepare a map with high resolution and high accuracy that can grasp the land coverage at a regional level in Asia. Table 6-11 shows the main research conducted in the period from 2015 to 2017 (including continuing projects). Table 6-11 Regional Research Projects in the Asian Region (only ) Land use and land cover Vegetation Index Mapping for the Lower Mekong Region (SERVIR-Mekong) [Objective] To understand the aging status of vegetation, urbanization, deforestation, agricultural land changes, by utilizing Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 data [Target countries] Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar [Partner institutions] Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, SERVIR-Mekong, Stockholm Environment Institute DHI GRAS project [Objective] To monitor changes in the urban and coastal areas (ecosystem and vegetation scope) [Target country] Vietnam coastal city Dong Hoi and Hoi An [Partner institutions] Provided satellite data by GeoVille, DHI GRAS, and ESA. Asian Development Bank Land cover map of Southeast Asia [Objective] To observe the land coverage throughout Southeast Asia with 250 m spatial resolution data [Target countries] All over Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, East Timor and Vietnam [Partner institution] National University of Singapore Agriculture RIICE- Remote sensing-based Information and Insurance for Crops in Emerging Economies [Objective] To improve vulnerability of small rice farmers (reduce vulnerability of 6-34

166 smallholder farmers) [Target countries] Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam [Partner institutions] German Development Cooperation (GIZ) etc. Rice crop monitoring using space technology in Asia [Objective] To monitor rice production using radar satellite data (SENTINEL) in Southeast Asia, with high frequent cloud covering [Target countries] Southeast Asia [Partner institutions] Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring Initiative (Geoglam, Earth Observation Satellite Data under the aim of strengthening timely crop monitoring and stabilizing crop price utilizing, in cooperation with FAO, WFP, JAXA, and ESA Asia Rice Crop Estimation and Monitoring (Asia-RiCE) [Objective] To improve management of monitoring and prediction of rice production while using optical satellite and SAR. Also, to develop agriculture and weather information based on satellite data for crop calendar and loss prediction [Target countries] Asia region [Partner organizations] ASEAN Food Security Information System (AFSIS), JAXA, FAO etc. Forestry Monitoring forest degradation in Southeast Asia [Objective] To observe forest coverage mapping (Landsat, SPOT 5, RapidEye data use) for the years 2000, 2005, and 2010 to estimate forest carbon loss [Target country] Laos [Expected year of implementation] unknown [Partner institutions] US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station Tools and Methods for Monitoring Deforestation and Forest Degradation by Remote Sensing [Objective] To strengthen organizational capabilities to implement methods necessary for assessment of forest loss in a reliable and cost-effective manner and to introduce forest monitoring tools [Target countries] Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia [Partner institutions] Collaborative research center of European Union, Forest related ministries of three countries (FIPI cooperates in Vietnam) Source: By The Study Team based on literature survey (5) Ripple Effect on ASEAN and Southeast Asia Region As mentioned above, in Thailand, there are many case studies using the EO data with the budget of domestic research institutes, but the satellite data itself is mostly provided by other countries. In Cambodia and Laos, both satellite data and funds are mainly provided by partnership of other countries agencies. In addition, most of the collaborative projects in the Southeast Asia region utilize the EO data of other countries, such as LANDSAT, SPOT, RapidEye, etc., in cooperation with other countries and research institutions, such as Europe and the United States. Although these projects are conducted in a limited time period, the South Asian regions have likely to have already accumulated analyzed data and developed foundation of regional cooperation with the EO data. However, even though the homogenous EO data by a specific EO system may be ideal when the Asian regions conduct its regional study, it may 6-35

167 be inevitable to use different types of EO data provided by different countries due to the constraint of budget and project period at the moment. Therefore, it is considered that there is a strong potential need to collect and share EO data provided by Vietnam itself, according to the specific needs of ASEAN member countries and the neighboring countries of the Mekong River region. In particular, in the disaster monitoring field, as described below, there is an existing framework of international cooperation through the sharing EO data. Therefore, the region is likely to have the potential need to build a similar regional framework in agriculture, forestry and ocean monitoring fields. (6) Case Study on International Collaboration in the Disaster Monitoring Field 25 International disaster charter Framework of international cooperation on disaster management, mainly in space agencies 26. At the time of a large-scale disaster, participating space agencies aim to contribute to disaster mitigation by offering satellite data free of charge. Data acquired by satellites operated by participating space agencies are provided free of charge based on the request from the designated users at the time of a large-scale disaster, and no capital is exchanged among participating organizations. Sentinel Asia International cooperation project specializing in the Asia-Pacific region and monitoring natural disasters. The purpose is to alleviate and prevent damages by natural disaster through sharing disaster related information acquired from the satellite 27 on the internet with participating countries and agencies. Participating countries are 60 institutions in 24 countries 28 and 10 International Organizations. As ripple effects expected in the ASEAN region and the Southeast Asia region, if uniform EO data is continuously observed and shared across the Southeast Asian region, the EO data can provide information indispensable for dealing with shared issues such as disaster monitoring, climate change, and food security, etc. In other words, the EO data will help build a regional framework in the ASEAN 25 Current Situation and Trends of Remote Sensing in Japan and Overseas", Cabinet Secretariat Office of Space Development Strategy Headquarters 26 Participating organizations (used satellites) are as follows; The European Space Agency (ERS, ENVISAT), the French National Space Center (SPOT, FORMASAT), the Canadian Space Agency (RADARSAT), the Indian Space Research Organization (IRS Series), the United States Maritime Aeronautics Agency and the Geological Survey Institute (GOES, Landsat, Quickbird, Geoeye-1), Argentina National Space Activity Committee (SAC-C), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ALOS), China National Aeronautics Department (FY, SJ, ZY series), Other UK, Algeria, Nigeria, and Turkey. 27 Satellites from Japan, Korea, India, Taiwan, Thailand and other international disasters charter 28 Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam 6-36

168 member countries, in response to issues that need to be solved in a regional scale, and eventually Vietnam will take the initiative in leading the space development field and the relevant regional policies within the ASEAN region. 6-37

169 6.2 Environmental and Social Considerations Laws and Regulations on Environmental Approval in Vietnam In Vietnam, in order to implement all development projects, the project owner is obliged to obtain environmental approval before construction. In order to acquire this approval, the project owner needs to prepare and submit, according to the scale of anticipated environmental and social impacts during the construction and operation phase, the EIA report in case of the project with large scale impacts, or the Environmental Protection Plan in case of the project with small scale impacts, to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. In formulating master plans and development plans, preparation of a strategic environmental assessment 29 (SEA) report may be required. The law concerning the environmental impact assessment procedure has recently been updated by Decree # 18/2015 / ND-CP Prescribing environmental protection master plan, strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment and environmental protection plan promulgated in February Appendix 1 of this law stipulates the types of development plans that require SEA. Also, in Appendix 2 and 3, 113 project types requiring EIA are stipulated. According to this list, implementation of EIA is required for resettlement of more than 300 households. In addition, Appendix 4 lists examples of project types, for which neither EIA nor environmental protection plan is required (such as human resource development, technology transfer, broadcasting and communication business, etc.). The following is the list relevant laws and regulations. 1. Decree # 18/2015 / ND-CP Prescribing environmental protection master plan, strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment and environmental protection plan 2. Circular No. 27/2015 / TT-BTNMT on strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, and environmental protection plans 3. Circular No. 35/2015 / TT-BCT on environmental protection in the industry and trade sector 4. Circular No. 32/2015 / TT - BGTVT on environmental protection in transport infrastructure development 5. Circular No. 36/2015 / TT - BTNMT on management of hazardous wastes. 5. Circular No. 36/2015/TT-BTNMT on management of hazardous wastes. 6. Decree No. 19/2015 / ND-CP Detailed a number of articles of the Law on Environmental Protection. 7. Decree No. 03/2015 / ND-CP providing the assessment of environmental damage. 8. Law on Environmental Protection (No. 52/2005 / QH 11) 29 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a set of analytical and participatory processes for incorporating environmental considerations, at early stages of decision making, into policies, development plans, and programs. 6-38

170 6.2.2 Environmental and Social Impacts Associated with this Project If the project includes the formulation of a master plan, it may be necessary to implement a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) pursuant to the above laws and regulations. Since the project will not include any construction work or involuntary resettlement, it is unlikely that preparation of EIA, Environmental Protection Plan, and Resettlement Action Plan will be needed. 6-39

171 Chapter 7 Financial Schemes for Overseas Infrastructure Development

172 7.1 Japan s Financial Schemes for Overseas Infrastructure Development In this chapter, the various financial schemes for overseas infrastructure development by Japanese government is discussed. Then, possible combination of those schemes is investigated in order to realize next generation satellite earth observation system for Vietnam. There are 5 schemes which are applicable for overseas infrastructure development. 1) Grant Aid 2) Private Investment Finance 3) Export Credit Agency Finance 4) Equity Back Finance 5) Viability Gap Funding Figure 7-1 shows the characteristics of each financing scheme. Figure 7-2 through Figure 7-5 explains each scheme in more detail. 7-1

173 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam's Optical Earth Observation Satellite for 7-2 Figure 7-1 Summary of Japan s Financial Scheme Source: The Study Team

174 7.1.1 Grant Aid Grant aid is the first option for the introduction of satellite equipment and/or facility development. This is an inter-governmental scheme and this process is initiated by the official request of the beneficiary government. However, there is a condition that the national income of the beneficiary country should be under a certain level Private Investment Finance In case the satellite procurement is done through a private entity of a partner country, there are several different schemes of private investment finance. As this scheme requires a due diligence process, agreement by both governments is preferable. Typical private investment financial schemes are conducted by following organizations: a) Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA) b) Development Bank of Japan (DBJ) c) Fund Corporation for the Overseas Development of Japan s ICT and Postal Services (JICT) d) Japan Overseas Infrastructure Investment Corporation for Transportation and Urban Development (JOIN) Figure 7-2 Private Investment Finance Source: The Study Team 7-3

175 7.1.3 Export Credit Agency Financing In case a Japan made satellite system is going to be procured, financing by export credit agency is available. Figure 7-3 shows a typical scheme of JBIC, which has the advantage of a quicker financing procedure. The amount of finance is dependent on the amount on the Letter of guarantee (L/G) issued by the partner government. Figure 7-3 shows the export credit scheme. Figure 7-3 Export Credit Agency Financing Source: The Study Team 7-4

176 7.1.4 Equity Back Finance Equity Back Finance is a new scheme introduced by the Japanese government focusing on potential infrastructure projects to which adequate financing cannot be expected. In order to expedite the financing by the partner government to the special purpose company established between the private companies of the partner country and Japan, the Japanese government provides back finance to the partner country s government through a Yen loan agreement. Figure 7-4 Equity Back Finance Source: The Study Team 7-5

177 7.1.5 Viability Gap Finance Viability Gap Finance, another new scheme of the Japanese government, is also an option. Soon after the commencement of the satellite operation, it is likely that the SPC suffers from deficit before gaining stable operational revenues. The purpose of VGF is to compensate this deficit, therefore, to support the smooth start of business. The Japanese government will finance the Yen loan to the partner country s government so that the government can finance the SPC for compensating their deficit. Figure 7-5 viability Gap finance Source: The Study Team 7-6

178 7.2 Scenario for the introduction of Japanese Earth Observation Satellite to Vietnam Out of the 5 financial schemes discussed in the preceding Section, Grant Aid can only be applicable to a country with a Gross National Income per Capita of USD 1,965 or less. As for Vietnam, GNI per capita was over USD 2,000 in the mid 1990 s and according to the World Bank, it has reached USD 6,050 in Therefore, it is not possible for Vietnam to receive a Grant Aid, in principle. For the Yen loan, the eligible country is of a country with a GNI per Capita between USD 1,965 and USD 7,115, therefore Vietnam is still eligible. However, the loan beneficiary is limited to a governmental organization and even for public projects directly operated by the government, projects with profit expectation (such as the communications satellite) cannot be financed. In case of the earth observation satellite, the purpose of usage of satellite data image is mostly for either public purposes such as disaster monitoring or land and sea monitoring, or academic purposes. Therefore, it is difficult to make profit solely by its operation and the project is eligible for the Yen loan. It should be noted that it is said that Vietnam s foreign currency debt is close to the maximum limit amount, which is 65% of GNP, thus, this must be considered. On the other hand, other financial schemes which is aiming at private entities, are available without the constraints as in the Grant Aid or Yen loan, provided that a Japanese company invests a certain amount to the project. Combining these schemes together, it may be possible to start the business virtually with no equity on the partner country s side. <<Prior Conditions (Requirement)>> A Special Purpose Company (SPC) for the procurement and operation of the earth observation satellite is to be established under a joint capital invested by the Government, Private Companies, Banks of Vietnam and Private Companies and Banks of Japan. If Japanese company (ies) decide to invest to the Vietnamese SPC with the Vietnamese Government s investment or guarantee, then it will be possible for the Japanese governmental financial institutions to provide investment loans to the SPC. If the Vietnamese company s investment is larger, then the amount of the Vietnamese government s investment becomes less. <<Feasibility Study Phase>> 7-7

179 Under JICA s scheme called the PPP Infrastructure Financing Project, Japanese companies can apply for financial support of PPP projects between the Japanese company and the Partner government. If accredited, certain amount of budget will be provided for the feasibility study of the project. <<Finance for Start-up Phase of SPC>> 1) JICA s Overseas Investment and Loan Under this scheme, JICA can provide a maximum of 25% in investment, or a maximum of 70% in loan. 2) Investment and loan by the Development Bank of Japan 3) Equity Back Finance by JICA <<Available loan for satellite system procurement>> Export credit loan by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation(JBIC). If the satellite, launch service and launch insurance are to be procured from Japan, JBIC s export credit loan could be utilized. This scheme does not require a Japanese company s investment. However, the maximum loan amount will be 85% of the procurement value. <<Available loan after the start of operation>> This loan is to compensate the deficit at the early stage of operation. After the operation of SPC becomes stable and profitable, SPC is to make a repayment for the loan. As an example, communication satellite financial scheme is shown in Figure 7-6. Following is the hypothetical scenario of introducing a Japanese satellite system for Vietnam. METI ME FS Establish SPC Detailed Design Capital Increase Satellite Procurement Operation - Local Company - JICA s - Local Company - JBIC-ECA - JICA-VGF - Japanese company PPP Scheme -Trading Company - Finance body - Manufacturers - JICA-EBF Figure 7-6 Hypothetical Scenario of PPP Project Source: The Study Team 7-8

180 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam's Optical Earth Observation Satellite for 7-9 Figure 7-6 Possible Finance Schemes for PPP Project Source: The Study Team

181 7.3 Division of Roles among PPP Parties Concerned Division of Roles by Business Model Under the PPP scheme, roles and responsibilities of each party concerned differs by its business model and the magnitude of the private party s involvement. Figure 7-8 shows the different roles among the parties by the expected business model. Here, the model is either one of followings. 1) Operation Management Concession 2) Build-Own-operate (BOO) 3) Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO) 4) Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) 7-10

182 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam's Optical Earth Observation Satellite for 7-11 Figure 7-8 Roles and Responsibilities among Public and Private Source: The Study Team

183 7.3.2 Trade-off among the Business Models In order to evaluate the merits of each business model, the concept of VFM (Value for Money) are often introduced. In many cases, the PPP scheme realizes less project cost compared with the traditional own and operate scheme solely by the public sector. Assuming A as the cost by the traditional business model and B as the cost under the PPP scheme, VFM (%) = {(A B)/A}*100 Figure 7-9 shows this concept. Figure 7-9 Basic Concept of VFM Source: The Study Team After the actual cost for satellite design and manufacturing, launch, operation and maintenance become clearer, the VFM analysis should be conducted in order to enter to the next phase, if necessary. 7-12

184 Chapter 8 Road Map for Vietnam s Satellite Remote Sensing up to 2040

185 8.1 Background Background Vietnam started studying satellite remote sensing from an early stage mainly by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), researching satellite images of foreign countries available at that time. The National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) of MONRE, which was established by an ODA fund from France, started operation from 2008 and is operational since then. Under the technical assistance from France, SPOT satellite and ENVISAT satellite images have been received and utilized for various applications. From 2013, VNREDSat-1 image has been received and processed at NRSC. Japan on the other hand, started the feasibility study of the Hoa Lac Space Center and Technology Assistance in 2008 and submitted its report to VAST. Based on this study, the Government of Vietnam officially requested the Government of Japan for the assistance from Japan under the ODA fund, and the preparatory survey was commenced from After the loan agreement was signed between the Government of Vietnam and Government of Japan in 2011, a detailed design study was initiated and completed in The implementation of the LOTUSat satellite, Vietnam Space Center facilities and related tasks are ready to start at any moment. On the other hand, VNREDSat-1 is near its orbital life at around 2020 and preparation for the followon satellite is necessary Objectives Under such circumstances, it is necessary for Vietnam to decide a clear policy for the country s future satellite remote sensing. Up until today, remote sensing policy has always been based on THE STRATEGY ON RESEARCH INTO, AND APPLICATION OF, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY UP TO 2020 (No. 137/2006/QD-TTg) approved in However, as 2020 is getting closer, a long term strategy and plan are necessary. This roadmap has been prepared so that it may be provide some hint for Vietnam s future satellite remote sensing plan. 8-1

186 8.2 Basic Concept In preparing the roadmap up to 2040, the following are the basic concepts: (1) For the Practical Satellite, both Radar and Optical satellites shall continue operation by launching the follow-on satellite. (2) Technology Demonstration Satellite shall also continue operation in order to acquire basic technology of satellite development. (3) For the ground systems including the satellite operation center and mission data utilization center, compatibility for future modification is proposed. (4) Long term capacity development plan shall be implemented to realize practical satellite development in Vietnam. (5) As part of the above, step by step involvement by Vietnam for the practical satellite such as AIT (Assembly, Integration & Test) and system design task. (6) Satellite on-board equipment, ground system, software. (7) Phase shall be divided to 5-year term. Based on the above concepts, the roadmap is proposed for each satellite category and other components Practical Satellite In regards to the practical satellites, considering the present technology status, it is likely Vietnam must procure those satellites from foreign countries for some time. However, there should be a step by step plan to accumulate technologies through those satellites. For the Vietnam Space Center (LOTUSat) project, capacity development is planned in various phases of the project. Specifically, Vietnamese trainees will join the development of LOTUSat-1 by attending design review meetings or witnessing satellite assembly and tests at the satellite contractor s facilities. This will give Vietnamese trainees to accumulate fundamental knowledge on the development of practical satellites. For LOTUSat-2, trainees will conduct satellite assembly and tests of the satellite using the facility of the Vietnam Space Center at Hoa Lac, which will be completed by that time. Through these processes, technology transfers for accumulating technologies for future development are planned Technology Demonstration Satellite For the Vietnam Space Center project, the capacity development package consists of a basic satellite course. The basic satellite course includes Master s Degree aerospace programs at Japanese Universities, which include the development of a microsatellite (Micro Dragon) under the mentorship of Professors. 8-2

187 Since it is easier to acquire the design and manufacturing technologies with smaller sized satellites, the roadmap assumes that this series of satellite will be developed one after another. Through this, faster accumulation of design, manufacture, launch and operation technologies and experiences will be possible and to realize satellites made in Vietnam. Such satellite can also be utilized as the bus used for on-orbit validation for Vietnamese manufactured satellite equipment in the future. It is assumed that by year 2030, most of the necessary technologies, such as system design, some onboard equipment manufacturing and assembly and tests of technology demonstration satellites, will be accumulated and support of foreign countries will no longer be necessary. The satellite bus could be used not only for space validation purposes but also for on board equipment Ground System It is not preferable from cost and schedule standpoint to construct a new ground system every time new satellites are launched. Further, it is not preferable from the standpoint of the operator s skills and knowledges, if the operator has to receive new trainings. The solution will be to divide the ground system into two parts, satellite common part and satellite specific part. Every time a new satellite is launched, the satellite specific part shall be added on the common part. By this concept, efficient expansion could be achieved at minimum investment Capacity Development Although the range of capacity development is widespread and varies from satellite (practical and technology demonstration) systems to ground systems and applications, following items are considered to be the most important. (1) For practical satellites, system design, project management, satellite assembly and tests (2) For technology demonstration satellites, quick turn cycle of satellite development (3) Data utilization technologies of SAR and optical satellites, establishment of a training center (4) Formation of remote sensing community covering government agencies, academia and commercial entities. 8-3

188 A step by step approach, utilizing the existing plans on VNREDSat, LOTUSat and Micro Dragon capacity development plan and enhanced plan as proposed in this study, is the only and shortest way to realize the long term technical capacity development of Vietnam on satellite development and application. Figure 8-1 illustrates the basic concept as explained above, and Figure 8-2 illustrates Vietnam s road map for satellite remote sensing with a time scale. 8-4

189 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam's Optical Earth Observation Satellite for 8-5 Figure 8-1 Basic Concept of Remote Sensing Road Map Source: The Study Team

190 Study on Present Status and Future Plan on Vietnam's Optical Earth Observation Satellite for 8-6 Figure 8-2 Satellite Remote Sensing Road Map until 2040 Source: The Study Team

191 Chapter 9 Workshop

192 9.1 Summary In this study, a Workshop in Hanoi inviting Vietnamese government officials on the subject of the following was conducted: 1. Vietnam s present status and agenda for disasters and climate changes, 2. Utilization status of Vietnam s optical and radar earth observation satellite, and 3. Presentation of Vietnam s long period master plan for earth observation using satellites. In order for the Study Team to prepare the master plan, it is necessary to study Vietnam s next generation optical satellite. As a result, it was also included as a part of the plan. Because of this reason, it took longer to prepare the workshop, as it included almost all the study contents. The workshop was held in January, not in September as initially planned. During the preparation, the Study Team discussed the general philosophy of earth observation satellites and their utilization with VNSC. As for the venue, VNSC kindly suggested the use of its hall in the VNSC building. In order to make it apparent that the Study is solely the responsibility of the METI Study Team and that VNSC did not take any part, it should be noted that the workshop was a PROPOSAL from the Study Team, not a co-work with VNSC. 9-1

193 9.2 Preparation One of the most important issues during preparation was how to invite officials of various ministries and agencies to the workshop, as the Study Team did not have official routes in sending the invitations. The Team had no other choice but to rely on VNSC to send the invitations. In spite of a very busy time at the fiscal year-end, VNSC has sent invitation letters to various ministries and agencies, Universities and private entities and as a result, many guests have attended the workshop. VNSC also helped in various preparations for the workshop, including printing backdrop and standees to be used at the workshop hall, according to the design prepared by the Study Team. Backdrop which was hanged in front of the stage is shown in Figure 9-1. Figure 9-1 Backdrop of Workshop Source: The Study Team 9-2

194 9.3 Workshop The workshop was held from 9 am on January 11, Approximately 60 guests attended from government agencies and universities. Together with other attendees from VAST and VNSC and so forth, the total number was close to 100 guests. Government officials from the Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Public Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Information Technology, Professors from Hanoi University of Technology, representatives from private entities have attended. The presentation was made using the handout material on the Proposal for Vietnam s Long-Term Master Plan for Earth Observation using Satellite. The actual material used at the workshop is attached as an Appendix to this report. For the presentation, English text slides and Vietnamese text slides were projected simultaneously to help the understandings of the attendees. Time Schedule of the workshop is shown in Table 9-1. Table 9-1 Time Schedule Opening Remarks VNSC Dr. Tuan 9:00-9:05 Section 1 Introduction PADECO Kanai 9:05-9:10 Section 2 Current status and future trends of remote sensing satellite PADECO Kanai 9:10-9:20 Section 3 Current status and Agenda of remote sensing in Vietnam RESTEC Ito 9:20-9:35 Section 4 Next generation earth observation satellite mission NEC Muta 9:35-9:50 Q&A 9:50-10:05 Coffee Break 10:05-10:20 Section 5 Toward "Satellite made in Vietnam" MRI Uchida 10:20-10:30 Section 6 Capacity Development for EOSat Development and utilization JSF Tanabe 10:30-10:40 Section 7 Social Benefit Analysis PADECO Saito 10:40-10:50 Section 8 Road Map NEC Ebara 10:50-11:05 Section 9 Conceptual Design of Next Generation Ebara / NEC optical Satellite Nagamori 11:05-11:15 Q&A 11:15-11:30 Closing Remarks PADECO Kanai 11:30 Source: The Study Team 9-3

195 There was a total of 13 questions raised at the workshop. 5 of which was a question submitted by the question sheet prepared, and 8 questions were on the floor. The questions from the audience and corresponding answers from the Study Team are shown below: 1) Dr. DARRIULAT (VAST) Question: Recently, Vietnam had a bad experience with nuclear electricity program that has to be halted. One reason was the lack of proper management at the executive level. Reforms were spread over various ministries without proper coordination. Will your working group make recommendations on the organization of the Vietnamese space program at management level? Answer: As you are already aware, satellite development, launch and operation requires very stringent management and direction criteria. This is because once something happens to the launch vehicle or satellite, we have to decide the necessary actions to cope with the situation on the spot, otherwise we will lose an important asset, or sometimes human life. It is somewhat similar to the nuclear program. This means we need clear decision-making protocol and go-no-go criteria, clear route of order and report, and clear responsibility of each personnel and organizations. Those will be necessary not only for the specific organization which actually launches and operates the satellite, but for all related ministries, including the demarcation among them. 2) Prof. Ngo Duc Thanh (HUST) Question: Why is high 0.5 m resolution required? And in the future, it seems that more higher resolution images will be available. Why do we need our own satellite? Answer: As explained during the workshop, there are several applications (high resolution satellite data utilization) such as urban planning, precision agriculture, mapping, etc. which will require precise images (data) with 1 m or better resolution. Those data will be available in the future as you might expect. As explained in slide 59 of Workshop handout, there are several rules based on the satellite owner's and/or governmental policy for satellite data observation. They are, 1. Shutter Control 2. Observation Priority (to avoid an Observation Request Conflict) 3. Data Delivery Time Under these circumstances, you cannot always obtain the data you need and when you need. If you own a satellite, you can use it according to your plans. 9-4

196 3) Prof. Pham Van Chu (Hanoi National University) Question: Regarding the social benefits in section 7, any quantitative data or financial issues to persuade utilizing satellites? How can we persuade the government to procure a satellite? Answer: There are two types of social benefits for satellite earth observation. One is the quantitative benefits and the other is the qualitative benefits. Quantitative benefits are divided into explicit financial benefits, such as the added value of agricultural products by observing optimal harvesting time for crops, and the other is the actual financial income of satellite observation image data sales from users. Qualitative benefits are the implicit benefits such as decreased financial losses by natural disasters including losses by floods or human losses, which is difficult to financially estimate by actual benefits. It is important for any satellite project to justify the project cost by quantitative benefits to some extent, but at the same time, qualitative benefits including security and national prestige are also to be taken into consideration. 4) Mr. Le Manh Hung (Water Resources Directorate MARD) Question: What is the capability to observe hydro power along the Mekong delta river? Answer: There are some factors regarding the capability to observe hydro power along the river. VHR satellite image, around 50 cm resolution is applicable to classify concrete structure of the water reservoir dam. Cloud condition in Vietnam does not allow continuous observation by optical satellites, but it has the capability to estimate the inventory for the water reservoir dam through observation for several months. 5) Mr. Le Manh Hung (Water Resources Directorate MARD) Question: How many satellites are required for monitoring fishery ships? Answer: The number of satellites required deeply depends on the duration, area and size of the interested region, monitoring frequency, and the size of the vessels to be monitored. Observation frequency drastically increases when tracking is necessary. If the area of interest is a universal 10 km*100 km size, and 90 min interval all day (including night), 5 satellites may be necessary for monitoring ships. 9-5

197 Figure 9-2 Low Inclination Orbit Specialized for Vietnam (in Figure, yellow area is observation areas) Source: The Study Team 6) Mr. Le Manh Hung (Water Resources Directorate MARD) Question: (3) Should we develop a new ground station? Answer: Our proposal is to develop the ground station for LOTUSat-1. You can use the ground station for the following satellites with some customization if it is necessary. 7) Mr. Le Manh Hung (Water Resources Directorate MARD) Question: Do we need any University in Vietnam specialized in Aerospace? Answer: It is not recommended to establish a University dedicated to Aerospace in Vietnam considering the size of the aerospace society and industry at this moment. However, establishment of specific faculties and/or schools at Universities which cover necessary and related fields for realizing Made in Vietnam satellites, are recommended. 8) Mr. Nam (MOST) Question: (1) What should the government do to involve private companies in space programs to expand space businesses? (For example, policy making, financial support, etc.) Answer: For the advancement of space development and application, involvement of private companies to the space programs is very important. However, it generally takes time. Therefore, we will propose the following process to attain such situation: At first, the government should announce a basic policy that it expects private companies to join the space project. Involvement of private companies should be based on government financial support, in order to give motivation. 9-6

198 Then, the government is requested to transfer necessary technologies to private companies. Through this process, private companies/industries will gain the skills and knowledges in each field and will be able to join the government space program. 9) Mr. Tran Tuan Ngoc (Vice Director, NRSD) Question: How does the roadmap for the satellite remote sensing system (page 58) and the application (page 55) link? And what are the recommendations? Answer: SAR and Optical satellites have their own strengths in terms of observation. If combined together, we can obtain additional information. From that reason, the long-term road map assumes that Vietnam would launch SAR and Optical satellites continuously. The Social Benefit Analysis is based on the assumption that those two types of satellites are utilized for monitoring disasters, rice crops and forestry to obtain necessary information. 10) Mr. Chu Hai Tung (Vice Director, NRSD) Question: What is the characteristics of SAR satellite after LOTUSat-1 and -2? Answer: Main characteristics of the SAR on Lotusat1&2 are; X-band, 1 m GSD, single polarization, with several modes (such as Strip, Scan and so-on) of observation. Regarding the follow-on of Lotasat1&2, the continuity of the mission is important, and the results of the data utilization should be reflected. The efficiency of development and manufacturing should be considered as well. One of the candidates is to add the function of polarimetric and interferometric observations. However, future discussion will be necessary. 11) Mr. Chu Hai Tung (Vice Director, NRSD) Question: Are there other types of optical satellites, such as a high-resolution system (not VHR), to be developed in the future and how many? (page 58) Answer: Considering the future mission priorities of your country, VHR is recommended. We agree that a high resolution (HR: 2.5 m -10 m) system is also useful. Hyperspectral sensor and thermal-infrared sensor should also be the candidates. Speaking of the HR sensor, some of the current operational sensors are as follows; SPOT-6: 2.5(Pan) 10 m(mu), Sentinel-2: 10 m (Mu) Data Free 9-7

199 12) Mr. Nguyen Thi Hanh (VNSC) Question: I have a question for the people of RESTEC. RESTEC has a lot of experiences in processing satellite data and also on remote sensing trainings. I would like to ask RESTEC if you could possibly consider organizing a training course in Vietnam to trigger and inspire the people of space technologies? Answer: As mentioned in slide 22 of the Workshop handout, satellite data utilization training is planned in the Vietnam Space Center Project funded by JICA ODA. We, RESTEC will conduct those training as a team member of the project both in Japan and in Vietnam. We can provide analyzing techniques and hopefully help to enhance space technologies utilization with VNSC as well. And we hope the project starts soon. 13) Dr. Nguyen Vut Luong (STI) Question: Currently, Japan has ALOS-1 and ALOS -2 satellites L-band radar data. This is very useful for applications on forestry, agriculture, environmental etc., and more than 100 countries uses these data. How is the development plan of the successor? Answer: ALOS-4, the next radar satellite is planned to be launched in accordance with the space plan in Japan

200 Chapter 10 Conclusion and Recommendations

201 10.1 Conclusion Throughout this Study, the Study Team have analyzed the long-term road map of Vietnam s remote sensing, based on our survey on the present status and agenda of satellite observation data utilization for the benefit of Vietnam s socio-economic prosperity. It is our belief that the Team were able to attain a certain level of mutual understanding through our interviews with officials of ministries and governmental agencies, Universities and private entities, as well as with the people who have attended the workshop. The Study Team have visited and interviewed various departments of MONRE, MARD and VNSC, local governments such as DONRE, and several universities. All of those that use remote sensing data quite extensively, with some issues to be resolved in the future. Firstly, there is very little exchange of information among those organizations. Secondly, the data procured by universities is limited, due to the budget constraints. Lastly, VNREDSat-1 is not utilized much, mainly because of its high data cost. Based on such analysis of issues, the Study Team have investigated the role of the next generation optical satellites, considering the Vietnamese government s basic strategies and policies, and what functions of observation should be added for disaster monitoring, ocean monitoring and surveillance, in addition to very high-resolution images. As for the capacity development, training for satellite development and utilization for both practical satellites and technology demonstration satellites were studied and proposed. In addition, the Study Team have proposed a horizontal structure of utilization capacity development, including the government, academia and industries to create Vietnam s remote sensing community. This concept includes a national Training Center for satellite data application for the same purpose. For the manufacturing industries, the Study Team have investigated and showed ways to realize the satellite made in Vietnam. Through our surveys to hardware/software industries, it was found that some of the industries have ample potential to realize such target in the near future. As for the socio-economic benefits, the Study Team have conducted on-site surveys of HCMC and the Mekong Delta region, and evaluated the benefits for the areas of rice crop, forest management and flood monitoring. Based on these survey results, the Team have formulated a master plan showing how remote sensing should be pursued in the future, incorporating comments from VNSC as a result of mutual discussion during the surveys. The master plan is shown in the Appendix of this report. 10-1

202 The Study Team would like to continue the investigation and discussion with various stakeholders in Vietnam and hope to improve this plan so that it would be helpful for the country in planning the development and application of remote sensing from present to

203 10.2 Recommendation The Study Team have investigated what the next step is for Japan s cooperation to enhance Vietnam s remote sensing activities even more than the present situation. The following Section describes the Study Team s proposal on this subject On the Legal Scheme (1) Study on the Assistance for Vietnam to Enact Space Related Laws and Regulations Space related laws, such as the Space Basic Law, Space Activity Law and Satellite Remote Sensing Law and so forth should also be enacted in Vietnam, in order to advance the space activities of the country. One idea is to send a specialist on this subject to Vietnam using the technical assistance scheme On Vietnam s Remote Sensing Organization Structure (2) Study on Formation of Vietnam s Nationwide Space Application Community A latent demand seems to exist for the training of satellite image data processing for the people using such data in various fields. Through various activities including holding workshops or other activities, the formation of a nationwide space application community shall be aimed at. Furthermore, exchange activities with communities of other countries such as Japan shall be planned and held. These communities would become the basis for the remote sensing application center On the Financial/Technical Assistance from Japan to Vietnam s Private Companies (3) Supporting Vietnam s Private Entity for Satellite Development such as Viettel Aerospace Through our survey, it became clear that Viettel Aerospace is seriously considering entering the satellite development and launch business. It will be worthwhile to conduct a study to plan technical assistance for Vietnam s industry such as Viettel, for project planning, technology development, as well as for capacity development. In conducting this, the benefit for Japan s assistance to the space industry should be investigated. Also, careful coordination with the government of Japan is required from an export control standpoint. (4) Analysis on Financial Schemes Analysis on the possibilities to conduct capacity development under Japan s grant, or to formulate a PPP scheme for satellite infrastructure between local government and private entities, shall be conducted. 10-3

204 (5) Investigation on Establishing an Earth Observation Data Platform In addition to the present scheme, investigation on the establishment of a Data Platform like the RAPID program conducted by the United Kingdom Space Agency(UKSA), or DataCube being developed by Australia s CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization) shall be conducted On the Promotion of Earth Observation Data Application (1) Conduct SAR Data Processing Training for User Agencies under the Technical Assistance Scheme As cloud coverage in Vietnam is over an average of 70%, demand of SAR image is very large. However, despite this fact, SAR data processing technologies at user agencies are limited. Using the technical assistance scheme, SAR data training for selected user agencies shall be conducted. (2) Support the Vietnamese Government to Formulate a Practical Framework to Realize their Internal Policy Making Taking the framework and relationship of Japanese Space Agencies and User Agencies as an example, Vietnam shall pursue to realize a similar structure for making policies on countermeasures against natural disasters such as flood and landslide, coastal erosion etc. With selected themes on actual countermeasure policies, case studies shall be conducted to establish the remote sensing data utilization structure among MARD/MONRE/MOST/STI/VNSC. (3) Feedback on Verification and Application Results for the Planning of the Next Satellite Launch In order to realize (2) above, feedback procedures shall be made on the results of verification and assessment on the application of disaster countermeasures of certain satellites for the following satellite mission planning. Such feedback process is necessary for the advancement of satellite remote sensing usage for Vietnam. This concept is shown in Figure

205 Figure 10-1 Feedback of Application Results for Next Launch Source: The Study Team On the Remote Sensing Business Development (1) Survey on the Possibility of Space Business by Small Satellite System A survey shall be conducted on the possibilities of space businesses by small satellites which is becoming the trend of many countries from business/technical/legal/finance standpoints. Furthermore, as the cursor project for Vietnam, the follow-on satellite project of Micro Dragon shall be investigated, including possibilities of financial arrangements with private entities. (2) Study of Possibilities to Form Multi-National Constellation Constellation by two countries will provide benefit for both countries as temporal frequency of observation will increase for the same investment cost. Financial and legal requirements and constraints to realize this scheme shall be further studied. 10-5

206 Appendix: Proposal for Vietnam s Long-Term Master Plan for Earth Observation using Satellites

207 Proposal for Vietnam s Long-Term Master Plan for Earth Observation using Satellites January 2018 METI Study Team PADECO Co., Ltd. Japan Space Systems Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan NEC Corporation Japan Space Forum 1 Table of Contents Section 1: Introduction Section 2: Current Status and Future Trends of Remote Sensing Satellites Section 3: Current Status and Agenda of Remote Sensing in Vietnam Section 4: Next Generation Earth Observation Satellite Mission Section 5: Towards Satellites Made in Vietnam Section 6: Capacity Development (CD) Plan for EO Satellite Development & Utilization Section 7: Social Benefit Analysis on Earth Observation Satellites in Vietnam Section 8: Road Map for Satellite Remote Sensing System up to 2040 Section 9: Concept of Next Generation Optical Satellite System Section 10: Conclusion 2

208 Section 1: Introduction This Long-Term Master Plan for Earth Observation using Satellites has been prepared by the METI Study Team under the contract with the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan in The purpose of the Master Plan is to recommend and propose to the Government of Vietnam a long-term Road Map of remote sensing systems for Vietnam up to This plan also proposes the next generation observation satellites to be launched. 3 Section 1 Strategy for Research and Application on Space Technology in Vietnam until 2020 ü With foresight, Vietnam has formulated THE STRATEGY ON RESEARCH INTO, AND APPLICATION OF, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY UP TO 2020 under DECISION No. 137/2006/QD-TTg of JUNE 14, ü The strategy defines objectives, tasks and solutions of various space activities including aerospace technology, remote sensing, communications, navigation, space science, etc. ü As for remote sensing, the strategy specifically mentions its utilization for environmental monitoring, disaster mitigation, climate change countermeasures, agriculture, fishery, oil industries, transportation, positioning and navigation. ü This strategy is utilized as the basis for the Study Team to propose the long-term Master Plan until

209 Section 1 Basic Concept of the Master Plan Continuous Disasters, Climate Changes and Security Threats Present and Future Circumstances on Vietnam s Remote Sensing Progress in International Cooperation Towards a Technology-oriented Nation Application Oriented Approach Establish a National Data Platform Attain Socio-Economic Benefits Policy and Target Give and Take Relationship with the International Community Develop Space Technologies Satellites Made in Vietnam Ripple Effect for Other Industries Necessary Government Support for Realizing the Above Establishment of a New Space Strategy after 2020 Legal Framework (Space Law, Data Policy) Space Diplomacy (International Treaties) 5 Section 1 Scope of the Master Plan Master Plan of Remote Sensing Satellites in Vietnam Practical Satellites for Civil Use User Ministries (Disaster, Agriculture, Geodesy, Natural Resources, Environment, Marine/Water, etc.) Technology Demonstration Satellites Institutions Universities Private Sectors Satellite System Ground System Capacity Development Data Management Satellite System Component Manufacture Capacity Development 6

210 Section 2: Current Status and Future Trends of Remote Sensing Satellites Typical Earth Observation Satellites Overview of Global Satellite Remote Sensing 3 pillars in the 5-year Socio-Economic Development Plan for Existing and On-Going Remote Sensing Infrastructures in Vietnam Summary of Proposed Road Map for Vietnam s Remote Sensing 7 Section 2 Typical Earth Observation Satellites Practical Demonstration/ Development Quickbird LANDSAT-7 RADARSAT-1 Optical Radar WorldView-1, 2, 3 GeoEye-1 ALOS RADARSAT-2 Terra-SAR-X TANDEM-X SPOT-6 GeoEye-2 ALOS-2 ALOS-3 ALOS-4 ASNARO ASNARO-2 VNREDSat-1 WorldView-4 LANDSAT-8 (LDCM) Sentinel-1A/1B Sentinel-2A/2B Sentinel-3 SKYSAT 1-21 Hodoyoshi, CE-SAT Micro Dragon Series LOTUSat-1/2 8

211 Section 2 Typical Radar Satellites Radarsat-2 Sentinel-1A ALOS-2/4 Terra-SAR-X ASNARO-2 Operator CSA ESA JAXA DLR JEOSS Frequency C C L X X Resol. (m) Swath (km) Resol. (m) Spot Swath (km) 20 WM* Strip Map Resol. (m) ALOS-2 Swath(km) ALOS-4 Resol. (m) Swath (km) Resol. (m) Swath (km) 1*3 25*25 35* /6/ 10 50, Scan SAR IWS* 400 EWS* , Mass (kg) * WM: Wave Mode, IWS: Interferometric Wide Swath, EWS: Extra Wide Swath 9 Section 2 Typical Optical Satellites (Government Agencies) LANDSAT-8 Sentinel-2A Pleiades-1 SPOT-6 ALOS-3 Operator USGS ESA CNES CNES=>Airbus JAXA Spectrum (μm) PAN Multi NIR SWIR TIRS GSD (m) PAN 15 Multi 30 NIR 30 SWIR 30 TIRS 100 PAN SWIR VNIR PAN 10 SWIR 20 VNIR 60 PAN Multi NIR PAN 0.5 Multi 2 PAN Multi PAN 1.5 Multi 8 PAN Multi NIR PAN 0.8 Multi 3.2 Swath(km) Mass (kg)

212 Section 2 Typical Optical Satellites (Private Enterprises VHR) WorldView-4 QuickBird ASNARO SkySat VNREDSat-1 Operator Digital Globe Digital Globe PASCO Planet Labs STI Spectrum (μm) PAN Multi NIR PAN Multi NIR PAN Multi PAN Multi PAN Multi NIR GSD (m) PAN 0.31 NIR 1.24 PAN 0.61 Multi 2.44 PAN 0.5 Multi 2.0 PAN 0.9 Multi 2.0 PAN 2.5 Multi 10 Swath(km) Mass (kg) Section 2 Typical Optical Satellites (New Space) SkySat Hodoyoshi-1 CE-Sat-1 Micro Dragon Operator Planet Labs Axelspace Canon Electronics VNSC Spectrum (μm) PAN Multi Multi NIR EOS-5D pixel Space-borne Multispectral Imager (SMI) VIS NIR Triple Polarization Imager (TPI) GSD (m) PAN 0.9 Multi SMI 90 TPI 950 (@600km alt.) Swath(km) SMI TPI Mass (kg)

213 Section 2 Overview of Global Satellite Remote Sensing (1/2) 1. Continuation of Services The world s major remote sensing satellites provide and plan to provide continuous image services to enable data to be acquired and accumulated by successive generations of satellites on orbit. LANDSAT LDCM(Landsat Data Continuity Mission) is one example. 2. International Cooperation In addition to Sentinel Asia and International Disaster Charter, other cooperation schemes such as sharing observation data with satellites of other countries to increase the quantity/quality of the observation data, have been exercised under mutual governmental agreements 3. Open and Free Data Available Satellites such as LANDSAT or Sentinel provide satellite image data open and free of charge to the international communities, for images below certain level of resolution and limited time cycle of providing data. 13 Section 2 Overview of Global Satellite Remote Sensing (2/2) 4. Establishing Standard Data Platform Movement for structuring a standard data platform is active in various countries. Vietnam s Data Cube is one example and this activity is expected to be expanded domestically and internationally in the future. 5. Emerging New Space satellite projects Various new private entities such as Planet Labs are actively implementing the launch of small, high performance satellite systems and starting new remote sensing data services, thus trying to augment and/or to replace the field of Practical Satellites in the future. 6. Micro Satellites developed by Institutes and Academia Many Institutes and Universities are developing Nano/Micro satellites for engineering development. This not only enhances the technology level of Vietnam s space community, but also has the possibility to become the source of the New Space movements in the future. 14

214 Section 2 3 pillars in the 5-year Socio-Economic Development Plan for Achieve Modern Oriented Industrialized Country by 2020 *1 - Since the Doi Moi, Vietnam has focused on an economic reconstruction innovating growth model. - As a result, the country has achieved sustainable economic growth, with an average GDP growth rate of 6.4% and becoming a driving force for the development of ASEAN and Asia-Pacific regional communities. - To accelerate such robust economic growth in the future, the country seeks to become a modern industrialized country by 2020, by improving productivity, efficiency and competitiveness. Reconstruct Climate Resilient Nation *1*2 - Climate change is one of the biggest challenges to humans. - Vietnam has recently experienced frequent and intensive natural disasters such as floods, causing extensive human and economic losses, expanding environmental events such as salinity or drought, and threatening social security and nation s development. - Thus, in addition to prompt detection of natural disasters, the country needs effective natural resource management. Moreover, ocean monitoring for environment protection including coastal erosion is becoming increasingly important to provide active responses to climate change with century-long visions. Maintain Secure, Peaceful and Stable Region *1*3 - With Asia-Pacific s dynamic economic growth, the region may become a new power center of the world. - Peace, stability and development in the region will basically be maintained. However, competition among big countries, arm race, territorial and maritime disputes may increase complicatedness in the Asia-Pacific region. - Thus, strengthening the country s national defense and security is increasingly important for maintaining peace and stability, and for creating a favorable environment. Source: *1 Socio-economic development plan for , *2 National strategy on climate change, National strategy on environment protection to 2020 with visions to 2030, *3 Overall strategy for international integration through 2020, vision to 2030, by Government Portal, 2017, 15 Section 2 Remote sensing could be the best solution to achieve the next national goals for sustainable development 3-Pillar Objectives of National Strategy Duties Solutions by RS Expected Socio-Economic Benefits by RS Solution 1 To Achieve Modern Oriented Industrialized Country Improving productivity, efficiency and competitiveness through the industries High Resolution Sat Data for precise farming, efficient operation of insurance sectors, and urban planning Efficient water and drought management etc. Improved productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness by RS solution would promote innovation through all industries, accelerate the economic reconstruction, and ensure macroeconomic stability in Vietnam. Satellite projects would accumulate internal human resources in space communities, leading to the growth of the space industry with strong competitiveness. 2 To Reconstruct Climate Resilient Nation Actively responding to climate change with centurylong visions High Frequency Data Observation for prompt disaster risk prevention Uniform daily observation for long-term ocean monitoring Water contamination etc. RS solution would enable active responses to climate change, towards a climate resilient nation. As a result of minimized human and economic losses, the country would ensure social security (food security), stabilize the economy, and improve the people s lives. Integration of environmental protection and green economy would comply global environmental policies. 3 To Maintain Secure, Peaceful and Stable Region * Strengthening national defense and security Continuous ocean monitoring for tracking illegal fishing or other unwelcomed vessels and their activities RS solution would enhance tracking of illegal vessels, contributing to the security of maritime affairs. Prompt responses to maritime accidents would lead to strengthening of the national and public security, and formulating a more peaceful and stable Asia- Pacific region. Source: *1 Socio-economic development plan for , *2 National strategy on climate change, National strategy on environment protection to 2020 with visions to 2030, *3 Overall strategy for international integration through 2020, vision to 2030, by Government Portal,

215 Section 2 1. To Achieve Modern Oriented Industrialized Country Space and satellite system is comprised of versatile areas of specialization. Therefore, developing and utilizing satellites and its related systems require versatile engineering fields. Specifically, Electric, Electronic, Communication, Information Technology, Mechanical, Chemical, Material, Dynamics, Optics, and other engineering technologies are required. Moreover, System Engineering and Project Management are important expertise required. Therefore, in addition to direct benefits achieved by the satellite, satellite projects provide strong impact and ripple effect for academia, research institutes and industries even in non-space communities. 17 Section 2 2. To Reconstruct Climate Resilient Nation Ocean Monitoring Climate Changes/ Natural Disasters Vietnam Earth Observation Satellite Forestry Management Like many other Earth Observation Satellite applications, quick and timely observation for Climate Changes/Natural Disasters is effective for the prevention and recovery actions for disasters. Extremely severe weather seriously causes human and economic losses in Vietnam. Sep 11, 2017: 100,000 evacuated as Tropical Cyclone Doksuri caused floods Oct 12, 2017: Dozens Killed as Tropical Depression Caused Floods and Landslides City Planning Land Management Nov 06, 2017: Over 40 Dead as Typhoon Damrey Dumped Over 1 Meter of Rain Agriculture / Rice Crop 18

216 Section 2 3. To Maintain Secure, Peaceful and Stable Region Nowadays, international legal compliance is becoming more important in every aspect, including fishery. IUU (Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated) fishing is an important agenda for many countries in the region, including Vietnam. Various systems for safe traffic and legal operation of the land and the sea are implemented in Vietnam and other ASEAN countries under Japanese ODA. Example of such systems are VTMS (Vessel Traffic Management System) and AIS (Automatic Identification System) for vessels. Also, to support maritime security, Japan is planning to deliver Six(6) Patrol Vessels to Vietnam Coast Guard for the law enforcement in EEZ. In cooperation with those systems, an observation satellite can track such illegal and unwelcomed vessels and activities, including responding to maritime accidents for national and public security. 19 Section 2 Existing and On-Going Remote Sensing Infrastructures in Vietnam Vietnam Space Center Project R & D Center, AIT Center LOTUSat-1 & 2 Satellites Mission Data Utilization Center Satellite Operation Center VNREDSat-1 Satellite VNREDSat-1 Operation Center MONRE National Remote Sensing Center

217 Section 2 Remote Sensing Related Organizations in Vietnam User Ministries and Agencies Disasters, Ocean, Urban Planning, Agriculture, Land Management, Forestry, Public Safety Universities and Institutes Space Technology Satellite Remote Sensing Space Technology Institute Vietnam National Space Center Number of staffs in STI Total (2017) 57 Assoc. Prof. 1 Doctor 6 Master 15 Bachelor 31 Number of staffs in VNSC Total (2017) 126 Assoc. Prof. 1 Doctor 13 Master 55 Bachelor Section 2 Capacity Development for Vietnam Space Center Project Application Data Utilization Course: ALSO FOR USER AGENCIES Short-Term Training: 30 engineers, 2 months, 5 batches Long-Term Training: 2 engineers, 2 years Satellite Development Operation Satellite Advanced Course: Project Management, Design Review Meetings: (37/24 engineers, 20 days for each DR) Witnessing Assembly & Integration: (30 trainees, 6 months) Witnessing Qualification Test: (18 engineers, 6 months) Launch Preparation, In-Orbit Operation, Mission Data Reduction Basic Engineering Satellite Basic Course: 36 engineers at Master s Course in Japanese Universities Development of PicoDragon, Micro Dragon 22

218 Section 2 Summary of Proposed Road Map for Vietnam s Remote Sensing National Space Policy National and Regional Agenda (Disaster, Environment, Agriculture, Land Management, Civil & National Security) Mission Requirements Practical Satellite Series SARSat-Future OPTSat-Next Optical: Advanced Model with Enhanced Cap. Develop. LOTUSat-2 SAR: Advanced Model with On-The-Job Training of AIT in Vietnam LOTUSat-1 SAR: Advanced model with capacity development for project management VNREDSat-1 Pioneer of practical satellite in Vietnam Share Know-How Technology Demonstration Satellite Series Pico Dragon Data Platform Nano Dragon Micro Dragon Micro Dragon-2 in Dragon Standard Bus Dragon- Next Demonstration of Domestic Components Imagery data accumulation, distribution and exchange Capacity development for System Design and AIT Analytical and value-added services for expansion of SAR imagery utilization Academic Society for Space Development and Remote Sensing 23 Section 3: Current Status and Agenda of Remote Sensing in Vietnam Satellite Data and Application (used in Vietnam) Sensor Category Application Category Data Category for free or for a charge Present Status of Satellite Data Utilization Ratio of Optical-to-SAR and Applications Required Specifications of Data for future Analytical Finding Expectations for Japan Satellite Earth Observation Community Summary 24

219 Section 3 1. Satellite Data and Application used in Vietnam Name of Institute/University Major Aplication MARD MONRE VAST University CIS 1 NIAPP FIPI DONRE Agricultural Statistics Land Management (Crop Monitoring) Forest Inventory Land Management National Remote Sensing Department Satellite data receipt, process and provision VNSC research, development, application and training of Satellite Technology Institute of Geography Mapping & Disaster Management Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics Monitoring and Management of Water (Marine) STI Research and technology of Remote Sensing IGS-VAST Coastal Monitoring & Disaster Management Hanoi University of Mining and Geology SPOT 2 〇 VNREDSat-1 Natural Resources, Mapping & Landslide Thuyloi University Coastal Monitoring & Climate Change GeoEye Satellite Data Optical SAR QuickBird IKONOS ASTER Landsat 2 〇〇 MODIS 〇〇 GCOM-C NOAA/VNIR Sentinel-2A 〇 GOSAT 3 COSMO- SkyMed 〇 Radarsat-1 ALOS-1 ALOS-2 〇 TerraSAR-X Sentinel-1 4 ENVISAT 1 CIS does not use and/or analyze Satellite data but they had an experience of the estimation of Paddy Rice Planted Area using SAR with Software INAHOR. 2 FIPI makes the forest inventory by using LANDSAT Data every 5 years. 3 FIPI uses Greenhouse Gas Inventory to be creased from GOSAT. 4 NRSD is considering to receive Sentinel-1 as a backup data for future. Note: Yellow shaded satellite data is free. 25 Section 3 2. Present Status of Satellite Data Utilization Comparison Between Optical and SAR Application 30% 70%

220 Section 3 3. Required Specifications of Data for future (1/2) NIAPP Organization Application Satellite Data Spec. Remark Coffee Field Monitoring Mapping Resolution: less than 50cm Stereo Pair for DEM FIPI Forest Inventory SPOT Level Resolution: 2-5m Swath: 50-60Km DONRE NRSD VNSC Institute of Geography IMGG STI Urban Planning Land Use Flooded Area Monitoring Water Surface Altitude Bathymetry Rice Monitoring/Mapping Forest Monitoring/Quality Water Quality Mapping Disaster Management Water Contamination Coastal Environmental Monitoring Mangrove, Cora Reef Research Bathymetry, Sea Level Mapping Water Contamination Air Pollution Resolution: 20-50cm Stereo Pair for DEM Altimeter if possible Resolution: 1m Swath: 60Km Resolution: 2-5m and VHR 50cm 1m Swath: 60Km Resolution: around 5m Revisit: 3-5 days Blue band required Altimeter if possible Resolution: 5-10m Swath: 60Km Stereo Pair for DEM Data (Blue band) for water quality Japan AEON Group participates in Green Vegetable Hyperspectral for Classification, Analysis LiDAR if high reso. radar is required. Hyperspectral for Classification, Analysis 27 Section 3 3. Required Specifications of Data for future (2/2) Organization Application Satellite Data Spec. Remark IGS Coastal Monitoring (Coral Reef, etc.) Oil Spill LANDSAT Level Including Blue band Hyper spectral may be good for vegetation but too many bands to process the data Hanoi Univ. of Mining and Geology Mapping Landslide Coastal Monitoring SPOT Level Wide Swath (abt. 60Km) Satellite Data + AIS Thuyloi University Coastal Monitoring Bathymetry Resolution: 5-10m Swath: 50-60Km Google Map with Satellite Data 28

221 Section 3 3. Required Specification of Data for future (Summary) Frequency Very High Resolution(VHR) and/or Specific Spectrum Monthly Weekly High Accuracy Precision Agriculture Urban Planning Existing Work Forest Inventory Medium Scale Map Daily Water Zone Coastal Monitoring Bathymetry Water Contamination Update required Urban Planning Coastal Monitoring Water Contamination Flood Monitoring Landslide Emergency Disaster Management Flood/Coastal Monitoring Landslide 0.5m 1m 5m 10m Spatial Resolution 29 Section 3 4. Analytical Finding The satellite data is used in Vietnam in the fields of Forestry, Agriculture, Land Use, Disasters etc. ü National Institute of Agriculture Planning and Projection (NIAPP) utilizes satellite data for the management of Coffee fields, which is the world s second largest. ü Forest Inventory and Planning Department (FIPI) uses the data for Forest Inventory every 5 years. ü Institute of Geography also uses the data for 1/50000 scale base map. They have mainly been using Low or Middle resolution free satellite data like LANDSAT due to their budget. However, they need higher resolution data of less than 1m in their works such as for agricultural field management, urban planning and others. On the other hand, institutes conducting Ocean Monitoring such as Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Institute of Geological Science, Thuyloi University and Space Technology Institute (STI) have a plan to use satellite data for the monitoring of Water Contaminations, Oil Spills, Bathymetry and Coastal Erosions because with the satellite data, they would be able to observe targets in a wide area continuously. 30

222 Section 3 5. Expectations for Japan 31 Section 3 6. Satellite Earth Observation Community There is no community for Satellite Data Utilization in Vietnam. The establishment of the community is required for the contribution to the country. Satellite Earth Observation Community Central Government Human Recourse Development Disaster Response Institutes/ Environment Preservation Private Urban Planning Universities Enterprises Industrial Development Local Governments International Society International Cooperation International Contribution 32

223 Section 3 7. Summary Satellite data is needed to provide more detailed information (high resolution) for agricultural field management, urban planning and others in Vietnam, a country of rapid economic growth. In addition, it is expected that satellite data, which can provide widely and continuously observed data, will be used in the field of ocean monitoring including Water Contaminations, Oil Spills, Bathymetry and Coastal Erosions in Vietnam, where the land is facing the sea. For utilizing satellite data separately, and/or combining the data depending on the situation, is to meet requirements of end users. SOLUTION VNREDSat-1 Optical: 2.5m Resolution Middle Range Applications Land Use Disaster Management Synergy Effect LOTUSat-1/2 SAR: 1m Resolution All Weather Condition Land Use Disaster Management Continuity Next Optical Satellite Optical: <1m Resolution Blue Band High Precision Applications Land Use Disaster Management Ocean NTTDATA included DigitalGlobe,Inc. Digital Land Use. offers a range of stastistically NASA, Landsat RESTEC, Included JAXA ALOS-2/PALSAR-2, Kobe, Japan RESTEC, Included JAXA categorized classes (e.g., forest, high building, etc) 33 Section 4: Next Generation Earth Observation Satellite Mission Proposed Next Satellite Mission Ideas for the next earth observation satellite for Vietnam 1. How VHR(Very High Resolution) optical can be applied 2. Customization for ocean monitoring 3. Add-on Sensor made in Vietnam 34

224 Section 4 Proposed Next Satellite Mission From the Country s situation (Section 2) ü VTMS (Vessel Traffic Management System) and AIS (Automatic Identification system) for vessels. ü Tracking illegal and unwelcomed vessels and activities, including responding to maritime accidents for national and public security From Current Status and Agenda of Remote Sensing in Vietnam (Section3) ü High resolution satellite data for agricultural field management, urban planning and others in Vietnam, a country of rapid economic growth ü Continuous monitoring of the ocean, such as the monitoring of Water Contaminations, Oil Spills, Bathymetry and coastal erosions Proposed Next Satellite Mission VHR (Very High Resolution) Optical ( m) + Customized mission for ocean observation 35 Section 4 Ideas for the next earth observation satellite for Vietnam (1/2) 1. How VHR (Very High Resolution) optical data can be applied (1) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) across borders VHR DEM can be produced for areas of concern. Sensor: VHR Optical (2) IUU (Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated) monitoring Addition of VHR data to AIS & VHR SAR data would allow a much more detailed IUU monitoring. Sensor: AIS and VHR SAR (3) Detailed Vessel monitoring Using VHR Optical data, detailed vessel monitoring would become available. Sensor: (AIS+VHR SAR) VHR Optical (4) High Frequency Observation NEQO (Near Equator Orbit) can conduct high frequency observations dedicated for LAT N21deg (=Vietnam) Orbit: NEQO (5) Uniform daily observation 1 day recurrence SSO (Sun Synchronous Orbit) would allow frequent uniform observations dedicated for Vietnam. Uniform data would make the analysis of multiple pictures easy Orbit: 1 day recurrence SSO 36

225 Section 4 Ideas for the next earth observation satellite for Vietnam (2/2) 2. Customization for ocean monitoring (6) Bathymetry and coastal erosions By niche selection in Mu band, high precision mapping of shallow-water bathymetry and coastal erosions would become possible Technology: Niche selection in Blue band (7) Monitoring vessels under the water By adding polarization bands to the VHR sensor, collection of unique information (ex. Monitoring vessels under the water) would be possible, which was not possible with the conventional VHR sensors. Technology: Polarization bands (experimental) (8) Water Contamination, Fishery By collaboration of VHR images & TIR images, valuable information (ex. Sea temperature monitoring and factory monitoring) could be obtained Technology : VHR Optical+ TIR (Thermal Infrared) 3. Add-on Sensor made in Vietnam (Option) (9) LCTF (Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter) Hyper spectral Sensor Because the LCTF sensor is mounted on the Micro Dragon, the continuity of Vietnam space development would become possible. Hyper sensors can be used to obtain niche information, which can add additional insight on the commodity satellite images. 37 Section 4 1. How VHR optical can be applied: (1) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) across borders 1m GSD DEM can be produced for areas of concern B/H(Baseline/Height) ratio < 1.0 is good for border control planning 3Dview created by GeoEye-1 Pansharpen (0.5m) image and GeoEye-1 DEM 38

226 Section 4 1. How VHR optical data can be applied: (1) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) across borders 1m GSD DEM can be produced for areas of concern No. 1 Applicability - Comparatively mid to high B/H ratio ( ) is desirable to achieve better observation accuracy, for land surface scenarios with less asperity (bumps) - Lower B/H ratio (under 0.5) is necessary to stereo-map scenarios with concavo-convex structures (including high buildings) ->However, not necessary for Vietnam 2 Technologies required - Technically firm - (Optional) NEQO orbit can increase the capability 3 Feasibility Experimentally validated with ASNARO-1 39 Section 4 1. How VHR optical data can be applied: (2) IUU (Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated) monitoring Detection and Monitoring of Unidentified (Suspicious) Vessels Addition of VHR data to AIS & VHR SAR data allows a much more detailed monitoring of targets. No. 1 Applicability 1. Detection and Monitoring of Unidentified (Suspicious) Vessels 2 Technologies required 3 Feasibility 1. Frequent Observation is indispensable (Short Revisit Time, Pointing Observation) Detection of IUU vessels Using AIS & SAR data (An Example in Indonesia Areas of Surveillance Unidentified Vessels Identified Vessels IUU: Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated 40

227 Section 4 1. How VHR optical data can be applied: (2) IUU (Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated) monitoring Procedure of Detection and Monitoring of Unidentified (Suspicious) Vessels (A vision for Space-based Maritime Security and Governance) No. Process 1 Routine AIS monitoring 2 Tasking of SAR satellite (Command for observation) 3 Acquisition of SAR image 4 Detection of targeting Vessel 5 Tasking of VHR satellite (Command for observation) 6 Acquisition of VHR image 7 Identification/Monitoring of targeted Vessels 8 Action? 41 Section 4 1. How VHR optical data can be applied: (3) Detailed Vessel monitoring Complementarity Under cloud Shadow Vegetation Foreshortening Layover SAR image(palsar) Cooperation VHR Optical and SAT VNR image (AVNIR-2) Detection Identification Optical image SAR simulation image 42

228 Section 4 1. How VHR optical data can be applied: (4) High Frequency Observations - NEQO (Near Equator Orbit) : OPTION 1 NEQO can make high frequency observations dedicated for LAT N21deg (=Vietnam) Inclination 23 deg. NEQO Orbit alt.: selectable 500km- Trade-off in observation time vs. spatial resolution No. NEQO 1 Obs. freq Increase in the number of observable passes per day 2 Pros - Maximum of 7 observable passes/day - Observable passes will continue (90min interval for each pass) - Various observation angles/advantages in DEM 3 Cons - Complexity in optical sensor calibration (if necessary) - Limited launchers (PSLV) - No daylight observation passes for 3 days out of 1.5 months 43 Section 4 1. How VHR optical data can be applied: (5) Uniform daily observation - 1 day recurrence SSO: OPTION 2 1 day recurrence SSO can make high frequency observations dedicated for Vietnam Orbit att. : around 600km Swath pitch:45deg Observable area will be fixed to yellow. No observation capability in non colored area Drawn EL for TTC: 5deg No. 1 day recurrence SSO GM (14 day recurrence) SSO 1 Obs, freq Same observation chances every day in the same area, same local time Sub-cycle of 4.7 days 2 Pros Everyday, fixed-point, fixed-time observation Global mapping Many observation angles possible for each AOI 3 Cons - Some areas of the world are not observable - Observation angle will be limited. Ex) No right look of Hanoi 14 days to resume to the same observation conditions 44

229 Section 4 2. Customization of ocean monitoring (6) Bathymetry and coastal erosions - Niche blue band selection By niche selection in Mu band, high precision mapping of shallow-water bathymetry would become possible. No. 1 Applicability A source of nautical charts and hydrographic data 2 Technologies required By specializing in blue and green bands such as the combination of nm and 550nm-600nm, shallow-water bathymetry mapping is possible, with high precision. 3 Feasibility Needs technological verification (feasibility study) ( 財 ) リモート センシング技術センター HP 平成 29 年技術成果報告会 沿岸情報マッピングサービスの取り組み ( 佐川 之 ) accessed 18 August 2017 ) The left imagery is of WorldView-2 (band: Visible 6 and Near Infrared), and the other two imageries are the analysis results. 45 Section 4 2. Customization of ocean monitoring (7) Monitoring vessels under the water - Polarization bands (experimental) By adding polarization bands to the VHR sensor, collection of unique information would be possible, which was not possible with conventional VHR sensors. No. 1 Applicability -Reduces atmospheric scattering. -Distinguishes the object s surface conditions. -Increases the visibility of shallow sea bottoms by reducing water surface reflection. 2 Technologies required Addition of two polarization filters (horizontal and vertical) into Mu bands. 3 Feasibility NEC has a good track record of using polarization bands. For example, the Second Generation Global Imager (SGLI) of GCOM-C. Russell A. Chipman; MSPI: The Multiangle Spectro-Polarimetric Imager; MSPI-Brouchure 46

230 Section 4 2. Customization of ocean monitoring (8) Water Contamination, Fishery -VHR Optical + TIR (1/2) By collaboration of VHR images & TIR images, valuable information could be obtained No. 1 Applicability 1. Monitoring of sea temperature to support fisheries 2. Monitoring operational status and effluents of factories 2 Technologies required 1. Monitoring of sea temperature to support fisheries Low Resolution: 100m 1km, wide swath: several hundred km VHR optical sensor+uncooled TIR sensor 2. Monitoring operational status and effluents of factories Medium resolution: 10m~ narrow swath: about 10 km + VHR optical sensor Simultaneous Observation determines the position of the heat point Shared Optic Systems and separated detection system with cooling machines 3 Feasibility 1. Monitoring of sea temperature to support fisheries Need to newly develop a small TIR sensor, but relatively easy 2. Monitoring operational status and effluents of factories Need to newly develop a TIR detection system Challenges: Disturbance and a lot of electricity necessary for cooling machine 47 Section 4 2. Customization of ocean monitoring (8) Water Contamination, Fishery -VHR Optical + TIR (2/2) Example of sea temperature monitoring and factory monitoring TIR sensor can detect differences in radiative energy, which differ according to the tank contents. Chlorophyll-a density distribution image (using Visible and NIR bands) Sea surface temperature image (using IR bands) Optical Image TIR sensor can see the spread of factory effluent. TIR image Building temperature Sea temperature images around Japan (ADEOS OCTS) Factory monitoring (Air-borne image) 48

231 Section 4 3. Add-on Sensor made in Vietnam (Option) (9) LCTF (Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter) Hyper spectral Sensor Hyper sensors can be used to obtain niche information, which can add additional insight on the commodity satellite images. No. 1 Applicability 1. NDVI map which show distribution and active level of vegetation 2. Monitoring the forest which can use as the base data of CO2 emissions trading 3. High Precision Monitoring of disaster or pollution area 4. Digital Agriculture to achieve high efficiency and quality 5. Digital fishery to achieve high efficiency and quality 2 Technologies required 1. World First Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter for Space (LCTF)(RISING-2, Tohoku Univ.) - Small and low power - several hundreds wavelength selectable - less than 1/10 cost of usual filter 3 Feasibility It was already proven by RISING-2 4 Merit Before launching LCTF sensor, hyper spectral sensor HISUI data might be used as reference data. urihara.pdf Great Possibility of Micro-satellite, Yukihiro Takahashi Geo Smart Asia 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Oct Section 5: Towards Satellites Made in Vietnam Towards Satellites Made in Vietnam Road Map for Satellites Made in Vietnam Potential Industries for Localization and Survey Results 50

232 Section 5 Towards Satellites Made in Vietnam Meaning of having the capability to manufacture small satellites in Vietnam: Implementing the development cycle (designing, procuring, manufacturing and launching) in a short period of time Inexpensive costs and potential for various challenges Contributing to trainings of engineers (promising human resources) by implementing multiple projects in short-terms Encouraging private companies to join the satellite development projects by formulating one-of-a-kind projects By gradually promoting the development of Made in Vietnam small satellites, it will be possible to promote: Involvement of private companies which potentially have satellite development capabilities Fostering of promising human resources, such as space engineers 51 Section 5 Towards Satellites Made in Vietnam PicoDragon was designed, manufactured and tested by Vietnam under cooperation of Univ. of Tokyo and JAXA of Japan. It was launched in MicroDragon development was started in 2013 as cooperative development with 5 Japanese universities (Hokkaido, Tohoku, Tokyo, Keio and Kyushu Institute of Technology). The satellite is now at the final stage of development and will be ready for launch in LOTUSat-1 is planned to be developed and launched in Japan, but LOTUSat-2 is planned to be integrated and tested in Vietnam using Vietnam Space Center facility. Therefore, a step-by-step approach is taken for the realization of Satellites Made in Vietnam 52

233 Section 5 Towards Satellites Made in Vietnam MicroDragon Demo:50kg **Dragon Demo:50-100kg (similar level with MicroDragon) **Dragon kg **Dragon kg Apply to practical satellite Phase 0: Acquisition Phase 1: Verification Phase 2: Partially Designed and integrated by Vietnam Phase 3: Full Designed and integrated by Vietnam Enhance capabilities by repeating Dragon project Category Sat System Design - Partial (cw foreign company) Procurement Requirement Design Manufacturing Assembly/Integration Manufacturing Parts/Component *SW = Software *HW = Hardware Full Limited Partial Full Partial Full Full SW (Limited), HW (Limited) Ex) Wire harness, Data processing software SW (Partial), HW (Partial) Identify strategic components SW (almost full), HW (Partial) including strategic components Enhance each capabilities 53 Section 5 Potential Industries for Localization and Survey Results Potential industries for localization PCB manufacturing/ assembling Wire Harness manufacturing EMS manufacturing/ assembling IoT device manufacturing Software development Optical parts/devices manufacturing Industries considered to be suitable for localization of optical satellite Viet An JSC Product: Wire harness (automobiles, motorbikes) Employees: apprx. 230 Production: mainly OEM Clients: Toyo Denso, Asahi Denso, Piaggio Product: Software development Employees: apprx Production: OEM, ODM Clients: NTT, Toshiba Hung Dung Co.,Ltd. Product: Wire harness, LED devices Employees: apprx. 120 Production: OEM, ODM Clients: mainly domestic clients Product: Software development Employees: apprx (Ho Chi Minh City) Production: OEM, ODM Clients: Denso Product: PCB, PCBA, LED devices Employees: apprx Production: OEM, ODM Clients: LG, Samsung Local companies interviewed by the Study Team (Sept ) Product: Aerospace engineering, Software development Employees: apprx. 70 Production: OEM, ODM Clients: Alstom Product: Piezoceramic devices Employees: apprx. 200 Production: mainly OME Clients: many Japanese manufacturing companies Survey Findings Most companies interviewed by the Study Team showed that they are capable of manufacturing/ developing hardware/software components of optical satellites. In the short-term, it can be expected that wire harnesses and software development to be procured locally from Vietnamese companies if detailed designs are provided. 54

234 Section 6: Capacity Development (CD) Plan for EO Satellite Development & Utilization Targets of the CD Plan & Expected Outputs: Expected Framework to Promote CD Activities for EO Sat Dev & Use 1. CD framework and structure development/management strengthening 2. CD for Satellites Made in Vietnam 3. Application and utilization trainings using the Training Center for Space Utilization Long-Term Strategy of the CD Plan 55 Section 6 Targets of the CD Plan & Expected Outputs: Further enhancement of science and technology capabilities in Vietnam <Targets of the CD plan> Capacity development of system design and AIT for practical satellite operation Quick effect of short-cycled CD to EO Sat development & utilization capabilities Promotion of space data utilization with Optical and SAR data integration/fusion Proposal of CD plan in effective application fields for Vietnam Formulation of Vietnam s Remote Sensing Society/Community <Expected Outputs> Effective role sharing by the Industries, Academia and Government sectors in terms of CD, and promotion to build up science and technology capabilities by appropriate CD structure for satellite development and utilization Realization of small Made in Vietnam satellites through: consistent Design àdevelopment àintegration (Micro and Practical satellites) Promotion of EO satellite data utilization through effective application and training courses 56

235 Section 6 Expected Framework to Promote CD Activities for EO Sat Dev & Use Senior/ Retired Experts Management training Government /Space Agencies Commercialization promote legislation System Engineering Training Support for CD from Japan International students S&T Capability Development Academia Practical satellites and Made-in-Vietnam satellites Training Center for Space Utilization Study courses for the socio-economy Remote Sensing Society Space Development Society Industry Technology Development/ Branding 57 Section 6 1. CD framework and structure development/management strengthening Continuation of management trainings for space activities across ministries/ agencies, and system engineering trainings for human resources development To develop new human resources for long-term space activities To promote commercial activities and contribute to the socio-economy by enhancing commercial-related legislation knowledge such as Act of Remote Sensing Utilization and Promotion (TBD) Establishment of Vietnamese Remote Sensing Society and Space Development Society To develop academic and research communities To create information exchange and communication platforms Establishment and management of Training Center for Space Utilization (TBD) To promote EO sat data utilization To promote operational use of EO sat data in specific application fields to solve social issues Establishment and management of study courses for the socio-economy managed by both academia and institutes To promote utilization of space based technologies for the whole society 58

236 Section 6 2. CD for Satellites Made in Vietnam Towards the Realization Design, develop and manufacture Pico/Micro Dragon satellites in Vietnam through consistent procedures from design to integration before Capacity development for system design and AIT Collaboration of Industries, Academia and Government Effective collaboration among Industries, Academia and Government using the Vietnam Space Center as a base Use of Effective Human Resources Dispatch senior specialists and/or retired experts from Japanese space-related companies and/or the space agency Initiate satellite development projects led by Vietnamese experts who studied at Japanese (foreign) universities 59 Section 6 3. Application and utilization trainings using the Training Center for Space Utilization (1/2) Collaboration of Industries, Academia and Government Effective collaboration among Industries, Academia and Government using the Vietnam Space Center as a base Effective CD Using senior specialists and/or retired experts from Japanese spacerelated companies and/or space agency Study courses for the socio-economy in collaboration between the academia and private companies Visiting lectures by space agencies/institutes E-learning Higher level analysis and value added product (VAP) generation training using optical and SAR satellite data including free data and information platform (e.g. Vietnam Data Cube), especially in the following fields : Forest monitoring and management Agriculture and rice crop monitoring Water cycle monitoring and management Disaster management and climate change Maritime management and coastal zone monitoring 60

237 Section 6 3. Application and utilization trainings using the Training Center for Space Utilization (2/2) Hyper spectral data utilization trainings Promoting data utilization of hyper spectral sensor possibly to be equipped on the next generation Micro Dragon satellite Trainings for application tools and software GSMaP (Rainfall NRT Information) INAHOR(Paddy fields mapping and yield estimation) JASMIN (Agro-meteorological Information) and others 61 Section 6 Long-Term Strategy of CD Plan Framework and Structure Development / Management Strengthening Government Academia Industries Knowledge development for commercial-related legislation to promote commercial activities Management / SE Training Creation of Related Societies (RS, SD) Establishment of a Training Center for Space Utilization Study Courses for socio-economy Enhancement of Industry (including equipment manufacturers) Promotion of Utilization Dispatch senior/retired experts from Japan for supervision (through JICA etc.) Initiate by engineers having studied in Japan à as a project manager or assistant managers Dispatch senior/retired experts from Japan for training (through JICA etc.) Visiting lectures Human resource development for Pico/Micro Dragon projects Visiting lectures Study courses for the socio-economy Collaboration among Industries, Academia and Government E-learning Integrated analysis of Optical/SAR data Hyper spectral data utilization Applications utilization HW/SW potential companies participating (ref: Section 5) Pico/Micro Dragon projects using HHTP as a base Financing contribution to study courses for the socio-economy 62

238 Section 7: Social Benefit Analysis on Earth Observation Satellites in Vietnam <Natural Disaster> Current Situation in Flooding Events <Agriculture> Current Issues in Rice Crop Monitoring <Forestry Monitoring> Current Situation of Forest Mapping <Summary> Operational Benefits of EO data in Vietnam <Summary> Internal and External Social Benefits in Vietnam 63 Section 7 <Natural Disaster> Current Situation in Flooding Events Flooding causes nearly 70% of mortality and economic losses in Vietnam. Natural Disaster Flood Monitoring Reported Losses (%) in Vietnam, flood hailstorm flashflood storm cyclone landslide rain other 100% Average annual loss by hazards in Vietnam, 2015 [Million US$] 2,376 Multi-Hazard Flood 2,295 Tsunami % Storm Surge Wind Earthquake % By Mortality loss By Combined economic loss Source: UNISDR / PreventionWeb 64

239 Section 7 Southern Disaster Management Branch in HCM <Natural Disaster> Flood Monitoring Data Transmission and Its Issues in the Mekong Delta Region Flood monitoring is systematically conducted combining meteorological and ground based data. However, recent abnormal weather complicates forecasting activities, thus uniform real-time data is increasingly necessary. Flood Monitoring Data Collected by Meteorological Storm Information from foreign meteorological agencies Ground Based Data reported from 19 Provinces daily by or telephone No EO data used Information Transmitted For.. Annual/5-year planning for disaster management Storm, Torrential Rain, River Level Forecast and monitoring Consultation for damaged provinces Current Issues Limited observation of horizontal flooding area (only vertical observation= river level) No real-time information Natural Disaster Flood Monitoring Budget limitation for Remote Sensing Data Water Management Branch of DARD in AG Province Rainfall Observation Sensor installed at 20 stations - water level, rainfall and temperature Ground based data - Normal Flood Daily/Weekly/Monthly - Severe Flooding 3times/day from districts and communes River coastal erosion monitoring River level monitoring Regular reporting to river level to Regional Head Severe coastal erosion in two rivers in the AG province UAV photo limits the observed erosion area at one time Lack of professionals of water management Village Communities in Chau Thanh District in AG Province Ground based data by interviewing villagers daily Daily reporting to the AG Province Source: By interview with Southern Disaster Management Branch in Ho Chi Minh City, Water Management Branch of DARD in An Giang Province, Village Communities in Chau Thanh District in An Giang Province, and Can Tho University (November 2017) Experience abnormal weather such as torrential rainfall Increasing risk of impact by abnormal weather leading to droughts, pest diseases 65 Section 7 <Agriculture> Current Issues in Rice Crop Monitoring Agriculture Rice Crop Monitoring Severe drought and saltwater intrusion in 2016 and extreme rainfall in 2017 significantly affected the livelihoods, food security including rice production, and water supply of nearly 2.3 million people *1 across all provinces. Affected Provinces by Drought, 2016 *2 Impacts on farmers by abnormal weather Drought and saltwater intrusion in Mekong Delta in 2016 ü 1.5million ha was affected by drought, and 30,000 farmers living in a coastal district in the Mekong Delta region were forced to move to other places. ü Some of affected farmers gave up twice of crop farming and switched to crop farming once or fishery. (by interview with Southern Region Plant Protection Center(SRPPC) in Tien Giang Province, Nov 2017) Torrential rainfall in 2017 ü Experienced heavy rainfall in WS resulting in 10% decrease of rice production ü Due to torrential rainfall, we had an explosive increase of harmful insects such as grasshoppers, resulting in poorer rice production. (by interview with SRPPC in Tien Giang Province, Nov 2017) Note: *1 Reported by MARD, 30 March in 2016 Source: *2 United Nation Country Team in Vietnam, April,

240 Section 7 <Agriculture> Rice Crop Monitoring Data Transmission and Its Issues in the Mekong Delta Region Agriculture Rice Crop Monitoring Current rice crop monitoring data is systematically collected mainly by ground based data. However, unlimited, uniform and broad area observations are still limited. Southern Region Plant Protection Center Rice Crop Monitoring Data Collected By Ground based data reported weekly from 19 Provinces by /telephone on the health situation of plants and covered area by insect diseases RS data was once collected with Can Tho University UAV data have never been used Current Issues for Data Collection Health situation of rice is observed, but unable to forecast future insect diseases Needs for RS data Monitoring the amount of chlorophyll to detect insect diseases Limited observation area More visual data is required Plant Protection Branch of DARD in AG Province Ground based data - Reported weekly by phone from 200 technicians working in the communes Unable to take timely action for plant diseases, due to slow response from districts Drop of rice production due to rain storms Weekly observation of 20ha rice field area SAR data is necessary for increasing observation time (Mekong Area is covered with clouds 11months per year) Village Communities in Chau Thanh District in AG Province Ground based data by face to face interviews to 90 farmers Plant Sampling EO data is not used, Google Earth is data used Rice crop damages caused by pest diseases Unpredictable rice crop market price prior to the sowing procedure Forecasting of rice crop production Source: By interview with Southern Regional Plant Protection Center in Tien Giang Province, Plant Protection Branch of DARD in An Giang Province, Village Communities in Chau Thanh District in An Giang Province (November 2017) 67 Section 7 <Forestry Monitoring> Current Situation of Forest Mapping Forest Monitoring Forest coverage in Vietnam has been kept at around 40%, and deforestation has been improved. However, with recent climate changes and economic development, the national forest mapping is increasingly indispensable in detecting changes in vegetation and deforestation. Forest coverage in Vietnam *1 Forest Mapping in Southern Vietnam *2 Proportion of forest coverage(%) (%) in in Vietnam Vietnam Area Area of destroyed of forests in in Vietnam Vietnam (Unit: (Unit: ha) ha) 6,710 3,942 2,251 1,205 1,507 1, by Sub-FIPI in HCM After 25 years, national forest mapping was created in Source: *1 General Statistics Office of Vietnam ( *2 Data was shared by Sub-FIPI in Ho Chi Minh City 68

241 Section 7 <Forestry Management> Current Issues & Benefits in Forest and Mangrove Mapping in Southern Vietnam Operational issues ü Limited observed area by SPOT data ü The Mekong Delta region has an annual average of 70% of cloud coverage, hence has difficulties in conducting time-series observations at the same location ü Due to a seasonal gap between the wet and dry season, observation of once a year is limited and insufficient for the monitoring ü Ground based observations cannot be done in some remote areas (by interview with Sub-FIPI in HCM, Nov 2017) Social issues Forest Monitoring ü Mangrove forest experienced a sharp drop from 400,000ha in 1943 to 138,000ha in ü In the Mekong Delta region, severe meter coastal erosion has been observed, thus many dikes have been constructed for prevention. (by interview with Sub-FIPI in HCM, Nov 2017) Operational benefits EO data would enable the observation of remote forest areas where ground based observations are difficult SAR data would enable unlimited time observation in cloudcovered conditions Expected benefits by EO data Social benefits More accurate and increased information on forests and mangrove mapping could be gathered as the base-line data in conducting appropriate policy planning Prompt detection of vegetation changes and deforestation If observation in wet and dry season is available twice a year by EO data, a more precise forest monitoring will be possible Fewer economic losses by coastal erosion and crop damages 69 Section 7 <Summary> Operational Benefits of EO data in Vietnam Unlimited observation of a broader area enables dynamic monitoring and prompt detection of environmental phenomena. High Frequency &Unlimited Observed Time Low Frequency &Limited Real-Time Observation Flood Monitoring Unlimited time for observation during cloudcovered conditions enables dynamic monitoring of changes in affected areas, and prompt actions for evacuation Narrow Observed Area Area Time Large Amount of Information Rice Monitoring Broad Area Observation Forestry Monitoring Increased amount of information on rice production enables transitional observation for the health of rice and prompt detection of severe environmental phenomena such as drought and saltwater intrusion Broad Broad Area observation enables prompt detection of vegetation changes and deforestation due to climate change 70