Material Engineering Challenges for the Society of Tomorrow": housing, transportation, health, and food delivery needs

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1 Material Engineering Challenges for the Society of Tomorrow": housing, transportation, health, and food delivery needs Diran Apelian Howmet Professor of Engineering Director, Metal Processing Institute WPI, Worcester, MA USA 1

2 Message For more than 7 decades, mainstream MSE R&D agenda has been driven mostly by defense and industrial needs (The Golden Rule ). With impending and burgeoning societal issues affecting the human condition, MSE community has a responsibility to play an advocacy role. MSE Community s R&D agenda should be pro-active. In addition to defense and industrial needs, we need to address societal issues such as housing, transportation, food, and health related issues. 2

3 OUTLINE Materials the Touchstone of Civilizations Historical Milestones - Agrarian; Industrial; WWI; WWII; Cold War; post-cold War The Society of Tomorrow - Crisis and Opportunities Materials and Societal Issues - Our Responsibilities Housing/Food Transportation/Environmental Packaging/Recycling Health A Materials Agenda for the Society of Tomorrow R&D Opportunities Educational Opportunities 3

4 OUTLINE Materials the Touchstone of Civilizations Historical Milestones - Agrarian; Industrial; WWI; WWII; Cold War; post-cold War The Society of Tomorrow - Crisis and Opportunities Materials and Societal Issues - Our Responsibilities Housing/Food Transportation/Environmental Packaging/Recycling Health A Materials Agenda for the Society of Tomorrow R&D Opportunities Educational Opportunities 4

5 It is a Materials World! Ancient Civilizations - materials and art Mesopotamia, Pharaonic Age Civilizations Identified by the Use of Materials Stone Age; Bronze Age; Iron Age etc. Middle Ages - armor for defense Renaissance Period - aesthetics driven 5

6 Mesopotamia - The cradle of civilization 6

7 Laws and Communication - societal needs Hammurabi 2500 B.C. Cuneiform Alphabet 7

8 Ancient Egypt B.C. 8

9 Stone Age 8000 B.C. 9

10 Bronze Age 3500 B.C. 10

11 Middle Ages The Age of Armor 11

12 The Renaissance Period

13 Leonardo Da Vinci Filippo Brunelleschi Renaissance Marvels Da Vinci s Polyhedra Il Duomo 13

14 OUTLINE Materials the Touchstone of Civilizations Historical Milestones - Agrarian; Industrial; WWI; WWII; Cold War; post-cold War The Society of Tomorrow - Crisis and Opportunities Materials and Societal Issues - Our Responsibilities Housing/Food Transportation/Environmental Packaging/Recycling Health A Materials Agenda for the Society of Tomorrow R&D Opportunities Educational Opportunities 14

15 Agrarian Society - farming equipment 15

16 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION STEAM ENGINE MACHINE TOOLS TEXTILE MACHINERY STEAMSHIP STEEL INDUSTRY RAILROADS COMMUNICATIONS TELEGRAPH ELECTRIC POWER CHEMICAL INDUSTRY WORLD POPULATION ESTIMATES MILLION MILLION BILLION BILLION 16

17 - WW I -WW II The Rise of the Superpowers - Communism vs. Capitalism - USSR. vs. USA 17

18 Vannevar Bush 1916 NRC - innovations in weaponry 1917 Magnetic fields to detect submarines 1930 s Personal information processor As We May Think 1940 NDRC (Roosevelt) 1941 OSRD/supporting OSS Science-The Endless Frontier Proposed National Research Foundation 1950 NSF established and the paradox. ( ) Architect for Government s Support for Science 18

19 Since the 1930 s, much of the research agenda has been driven by the nation s defense and military needs (vis a vis societal needs) Concern raised by D. Eisenhower, January 17, 1961: We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States Corporations.. In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The Potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. 19

20 The End of the Cold War Era USA the only remaining superpower Our Responsibilities? Societal context? 20

21 OUTLINE Materials the Touchstone of Civilizations Historical Milestones - Agrarian; Industrial; WWI; WWII; Cold War; post-cold War The Society of Tomorrow - Crisis and Opportunities Materials and Societal Issues - Our Responsibilities Housing & Food Transportation/Environmental Packaging/Recycling Health A Materials Agenda for the Society of Tomorrow R&D Opportunities Educational Opportunities 21

22 How do we look? 22

23 23

24 Population Growth is the key! a billion people added another billion added Entered the 20th Century with 1.6 billion Exited the 20th Century with 6.1 billion 24

25 2000 world average growth rate is 1.4% (doubling population in 49 years) BUT growth rate is unevenly distributed; Growth rates in Europe declining Growth rates will occur in less developed countries: Africa, Asia, Latin America 25

26 Wealth: resources to manage environment BUT Wealth: generation of solid wastes and greenhouse gases 26

27 27

28 25 Metric Tons of CO 2 per capita ( ) Source: UNFCCC, UNDESA/Statistics Divison USA Germany Japan China Egpyt Brazil India 28

29 80000 Ozone Depleting CFC Consumption in OPD metric tons Source: UNEP - Ozone Secretariat USA EU Japan China Egpyt Brazil India 29

30 U.S. Bicycle Distribution Split Between Mass Retail Channel and Independent Bicycle Dealers (IBD) Channel Mass (Wal-Mart, Target, Kmart Sports Authority, etc.) Independent Bicycle Dealers ( Mom & Pop Operations: 4,000-5,000 outlets) 14.5 Million units/year (growing). 80% Kids Bikes. Typical Retail Price Points: $24 - $ Million units/year (declining). 80% Adult Bikes. Typical Retail Price Points: $199 - $6, Credit: D. Graber, Huffy

31 Until Mid-1980 s 75% of the Bikes Sold in the U.S. Market Were Made in the U.S. Market Imports as a % of U.S. Market (Units) 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 20% % 31 Credit: D. Graber, Huffy

32 However, Things Started to Change in the 90 s 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Imports as a % of U.S. Market (Units) 20% 28% 32% 48% 60% U.S. Consumer, Retailers Have Supported & Driven the Transformation 98%

33 China has Won the Bicycle Manufacturing War With: Cheap Labor Lower Factory Overheads Government Export Rebates Currency (Probably Undervalued) Which More Then Offset Higher: Ocean Freight 11% Import Duties Plus, Quality and Response Time are Competitive 33 Credit: D. Graber, Huffy

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