UFO Unified Foundational Ontology

Transcription

1 UFO Unified Foundational Ontology Giancarlo Guizzardi Ontology and Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO) Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil

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3 What is Real? KF: Part of the problem here is that terms like exists and real are used in many different ways, especially in philosophy. For me, the fundamental question of ontology is not what is there? but what is real?. But what do I mean by real? As a first stab, I would say that what is real is what one must make reference to in giving a description of reality.

4 UFO For more information: Towards Ontological Foundations for Conceptual Modeling: The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) Story (Applied Ontology, Anniversary Issue, 2015)

5 BUT ALSO: Object Types and Taxonomic Structures (CAISE 2004, CAISE 2007, CAISE 2012), Part-Whole Relations (CAISE 2007, CAISE 2009, FOIS2010, CAISE 2011), Intrinsic and Relational Properties (ER 2006, ER 2008, ER 2011, CAISE 2015), Weak Entities, Attributes and Datatypes (ER 2006), Events (ER 2013, BPM2016, AIIA2016), Services (EDOC 2013), Capabilities (EDOC 2013), Goals, Communities, Organizational Structures, Multi-Level Modeling, etc

6 UFO Started in 2002 as a unification of GFO and DOLCE (hence, the name) The goal was Philosophy of Conceptual Modeling. For this reason, it had to provide ontological foundations for conceptual modeling most basic constructs such as: Different types of types (including powertypes), particularized properties (including weak entities), a rich theory of relations, finitely-satisfiable models,

7 How has it been developed? Strongly driven by what is real in the discourse of conceptual modelers. This has been elicited by conducting an ontological analysis of several modeling languages, reference models and standards, thousands of models and applications Strongly driven by classical problems in the area (e.g., modeling of roles with multiple supertyping, problem of collapse of cardinality constraints, problem of transitivity of parthood )

8 How has it been developed? It has an underlying Design Science agenda of continuously building a set of engineering artifacts as materializations of these ontological foundations. These artifacts are evaluated in practice in a number of ways (including via their systematic subversions ) These artifacts include a modeling language (OntoUML), a number of modeling patterns and anti-patterns

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12 mediationª c..d relatorª R η..λ e..f mediationª F a..b α..β a x g materialª /H ε..φ b x h γ..δ g..h G f x b d x h

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14 How has it been developed? We are also concerned about pragmatic efficiency of the derived representations (doing the type of empirical work that cognitive psychologies do): Can people make sense (reason, learn, recall) these categories? Can people effectively reason with models produced with these foundations?

15 How has it been developed? These artifacts include a modeling language (OntoUML), a number of modeling patterns and anti-patterns, transformations to many codification languages and computational tools for model construction, verbalization, verification and validation (via visual simulation)

16 «role» Transplant Surgeon 1..* «mediation» «kind» Person «role»organ Donee 1 «mediation» «role»organ Donor «mediation» 1 1..* 1..* «relator»transplant 1..*

17 A# B Valid#state#of#affairs# according#to#the#representation Intended#state#of#affairs# according#to#the#conceptualization

18 Valid#state#of# affairs# according#to# the#model A B Intended#state#of#affairs# according#to#the## Conceptualization Under9constraining

19 Valid#state#of# affairs# according#to# the#model A B Intended#state#of#affairs# according#to#the# Conceptualization Over9constraining

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24 How has it been developed? It has an underlying Design Science agenda of continuously building a set of engineering artifacts as materializations of these ontological foundations. These artifacts are evaluated in practice in a number of ways (including via their systematic subversions ) These artifacts include a modeling language (OntoUML), a number of modeling patterns and anti-patterns, transformations to many codification languages and computational tools for model construction, verbalization, verification and validation (via visual simulation) But also a number of Core Ontologies (and associated Ontology Pattern Languages) as well as Domain Ontologies (and associated Domain-Specific Languages)

25 UFO-C (Services) UFO-L (Legal Relations) UFO-C (Social Reality) UFO-A (Endurants) UFO-B (Events)

26 In a nutshell A Fundamental Distinction between Endurants and Perdurants. Endurants can genuinely change in a qualitative manner while maintaining their identity (a kind supplied identity). Endurants include objects (substantials), qualities, dispositions, models, relators

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29 The Social Relator Pattern

30 extended to Legal Relations

31 In a nutshell A Fundamental Distinction between Endurants and Perdurants. Endurants can genuinely change in a qualitative manner while maintaining their identity (a kind supplied identity). Endurants include objects (substantials), qualities, dispositions, models, relators Perdurants are polygenic manifestations of dispositions (thing about the WTC example). They are extensional and immutable entities. Events change the world by bringing about situations that activate certain dispositions

32 In a nutshell We have a typology of endurant types that whose instances can represent essential and accidental properties of endurants (kinds, phases, roles ) Material types are endurants (resemblance structures as variable embodiments) UFO has a rich theory of parthood including of functional parthood for wholes as functional complexes

33 So, for instance An Organization is an endurant; a functional complex; a structure formed by functional parthood relations some of which are founded in a social relators (defined in certain norms and recognized by some social agents) Entities play social roles (e.g., director) because of the existence of these social relators mediating them. Apparent Roles can be in fact Role Mixins played by instances of multiple kinds These relators are everywhere in social reality (e.g., service offerings and agreements, employments, enrollments, mandates, marriages, mortgage, Account). It is fundamental to take them as full-fledged endurants

34 So, for instance The dissolution of a company is the manifestation of certain powers associated to a social (legal) role. The occurrence of this event brings about a state of affairs which affect a number of endurants. This does not mean that the company has ceased to exist. In contrast, the company can start instantiating a particular phase Multi-Level structures also abound (e.g., Employee types, AccountCategory, ProductTypes). It is also very important to take social kinds and roles as endurants

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37 Person Role Person Employee Researcher Manager

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41 References GUIZZARDI, G., WAGNER, G., ALMEIDA, J.P.A., GUIZZARDI, R.S.S., Towards Ontological Foundation for Conceptual Modeling: The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) Story, Applied Ontology, Vol. 10, issues 3-4, IOS Press, SALLES, T.P., GUIZZARDI, G., Ontological Anti-Patterns: Empirically Uncovered Error-Prone Structures in Ontology-Driven Conceptual Models, Data & Knowledge Engineering (DKE) Journal, GUARINO, N., GUIZZARDI, G., We need to Discuss the Relationship: Revisiting Relationships as Modeling Constructs, 27th International Conference on Advance Information Systems Engineering (CAISE 2015), Stockholm, Sweden, CARVALHO, V.A., ALMEIDA, J.P.A., GUIZZARDI, G., Revisiting the UML Power Type Support with a Well-Founded Theory for Multi-Level Modeling, 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAISE 16), Ljubljana, Slovenia, CARVALHO, V.A., ALMEIDA, J.P.A., GUIZZARDI, G., Extending the Foundations of Ontologybased Conceptual Modeling with a Multi-Level Theory, 35th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2015) Stockholm, 2015.

42 References RUY, F., REGINATO, C.C., SANTOS, V.A., FALBO, R., GUIZZARDI, G., Ontology Engineering by Combining Ontology Patterns, 35th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2015) Stockholm, GUERSON, J., SALES, T.P., GUIZZARDI, G., ALMEIDA, J.P., OntoUML Lightweight Editor: A Model-Based Environment to Build, Evaluate and Implement Reference Ontologies, 19th IEEE Enterprise Computing Conference (EDOC 2015), Demo Track, Adelaide, Australia, GRIFFO, C., ALMEIDA, J.P., GUIZZARDI, G., Towards A Legal Core Ontology Based on Alexy s Theory of Fundamental Rights, ICAIL Multi-Lingual Workshop on AI & Law (MWAIL 2015), 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL 2015), San Diego, Guizzardi, G., Wagner, G., Falbo, R.A., Guizzardi, R.S.S., Almeida, J.P.A., Towards Ontological Foundations for the Conceptual Modeling of Events, 32nd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2013), Hong Kong, Guizzardi, G. Ontological Foundations for Structural Conceptual Models, Telematica Instituut Fundamental Research Series No. 15, ISBN ISSN ; No. 015; CTIT PhD-thesis, ISSN ; No , 2005.

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