Potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM) system
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1 Potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM) system M. R. Oliveira Engineering School of São Carlos - University of São Paulo (EESC USP), Brazil ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to understand the benefits of nd model as regards the projects coordination and their implications to information management, decision-making team, data sheets generation, schedule implementation, etc. This paper contents a review based on bibliography and on tutorial practice experience. Better understanding of the need to change design identifies how BIM application can dynamically change design management. 1 INTRODUCTION The information management generated in the project process must receive a re-adjusted by new technologies to be implemented on time, with quality and low cost (Aound et al., 2005). Project process ranges from the architectural concept to the Post-Occupancy Evaluation of the object used to build feedback for new projects. The BIM technology allows the integration of the various building components into geometric, spatial and parametric, the 3D model simulate all object life cycle (Crespo & Ruschel, 2007). This tool asks for changes on the way to design and represent the ideas (Koo & Fischer, 2000). The data should be precisely presented, which is a complex task and consumes much time in initial stages, but this range of information is trans-formed into spreadsheets, drawings, process simulations which helps the work systemic management. The tools of computer-aided design (CAD) offer features such as automated design and communication tools for project sharing, database and virtual model. But the fragmented information from CAD drawings has been an obstacle to information sharing (Fu et al., 2006). To avoid the fragmentation, the nd modeling can get into action. Here are different uses of CAD tools and development of this tool: nd model or BIM system. 1.1 CAD as electronic clipboard and electronic model Usually CAD drawings are the digitization of the design done by hand. Abstract lines represent doors, walls, windows. There is underutilization of the software resources. Usually the complex designs of mechanical engineering are simulated by models that mimic the behavior of the object and the drawings are the only automated projections for project documentation. The architecture and engineering assume as new trend the use of this complex tool in a more rational way. Currently the use of modeling is well applied to attract customers. The model simulates three dimensions in the construction volume, cladding and landscaping, but most often is not linked with the technique. The 3D model, as in its electronic version, is endowed with information of its components, is the abstraction project volume developed on the "electronic clipboard". 1.2 Parametric Objecs The BIM system requires the modeling components to have real properties: aggregate size, materials, purpose, specifications, manufacturer and price, in addition, the component also allows the relationship to other components, such as the component 'wall' which allows the user to add components as 'window' and 'door' (Crespo & Ruschel, 2007). The wealth of information provided by the use of parametric objects enables automatic extraction of different representations of the constructive element, not needing to redesign it: plant, cutting, lifting, and quantitative are automatically generated. Robinson (2007) describes the modeling system of full component information to form a single model which is the most appropriate for managing information in construction and generate documents. The various components are modeled without detail
2 and their parameters - size, material, relationship with other components - can be defined and refined during the design process when decisions are done. 1.3 The final product modeling In the BIM process using the technology, there is a reversal of the process developed by the CAD system, but, instead of a series of 2D drawings, it builds a virtual model of the building, using objects that simulate the form behaviour and the construction elements to be applied. The virtual model is the database where the architect has stored all the parameters of each component applied in the project. The designer's attention is therefore focused on design solutions, and not to technical drawings, which are automatically generated by the computer (Birx, 2006). Thus the attention is turned to the constructive process, specifications of the component, etc. The virtual model can be used as logical as to be inserted into the computer for digital manufacturing, or the model already contains the production project. Pupo and Celani (2008) define digital manufacturing as: "automated production of parts digitally modeled (...) may be intended for the production of prototypes, or evaluation models, or production of consumer products such as constructive elements to be direct applied at the building site". In the contemporary paradigm of the virtual model, the interpretation is no longer necessary because the digital information of the model are intrinsically linked to reality, with the possibility of automated production, for example, using CNC (Garber, 2009). 2 PURPOSE AND METHOD The central objective of this article is to identify how the evolution of BIM tool and its application changes the design dynamic. This work was divided into two stages: literature review and theory validation. The first step was to carry out the conceptual basis review to supply information for the work, addressing the following topics: 3D modeling, nd modeling, information technology, Building Information Modeling and design methods. This stage included the reading of books, thesis, dissertations, and published articles. The second step involved the validation of the theory of this review through a tutorial hours practice of the software Revit Architecture Autodesk. This paper will be presented with a text containing the reflection of the studied literature and the practical experience on software usage. 3 POTENTIAL OF BIM SYSTEM The development of BIM technology is ongoing. Not only the improvement of technology, but also the use of the tool is growing. According to Birx (2006), the transition period of the CAD geometry use for CAD BIM will take at least a decade to be accomplished. The constant search for tool improvement and use by different professionals provides a range of applications that are presented below. 3.1 Teaching design method In the education field, Florio (2007) points the BIM as a tool to aid on new developments and a better understanding of the design process. Students can establish decisions along design phase because it allows the reflection of their actions in data insertion: "The inclusion of BIM in the architecture teaching facilitates the understanding of linkages between construction elements of the building, making it more clear and precise communication of the information and design intentions" (free translation - Florio, 2007). Regarding the design method, BIM allows the student to understand the importance of collaborative project, testing parametric variations of constructive components, nonetheless involving students with capability construction issues whereas modeling provides a better understanding of the operations sequence that are performed by various professionals in the construction site. During the tutorial exercise it has clarified the perception of relationships between the components that were not explicit in the initial sketches. The 3D visualization and the method of construction of the model using components instead of layers make the user reflect on each element to be introduced in the model. 3.2 Enquiry and Simulation The 3D model used as an enquiry tool makes possible the solution of problems in early production stages. It is stressed that several works present an approach targeting the optimization of the interface design and schedule for better understanding of the logical construction sequence, thus, associating schedule to 3D model (Harink & Vries, 2007). The mechanical, manufacturing and aerospace industries environment use the visualization of three-dimensional model to instantaneously show the inadequacies and inconsistencies. At the specification stage the designer can try different solutions and automatically get a relation of quantity, cost, and visualize the component inserted in the building. This research process certainly helps on decision making, saving time and avoiding future conflicts.
3 Ruschel & Crespo (2007) report the benefits of viewing 4D (3D + time) perceived by the GSA (General Services Administration, USA), and they highlight: surrounding historic preservation visualization, errors reduction and omissions, visualization and design stages and construction sequence optimization, and the team leads the project with efficiency, accuracy and security. These benefits are possible by 3D model manipulation. The BIM allows the understanding of space and surroundings of the building, the projects synergies where the conflicts are automatically listed at the various construction phases together with the implementation schedule allowing review on the construction site definition. This change on the businesses design method, combining the new technologies at all project stages increases the product efficiency and robustness. By incorporating this technology in the project, the architect need to review his knowledge about building constructive process, in other words, the process must be considered in the production design. 3.3 Collaborative Design The information management from the BIM model is provided by a repository of standardized information from the construction drawings, which are being added by the various participants in product development, ensuring quality and integrity to the model (Ruschel & Crespo, 2007). The team is divided into groups, and these groups have different rules for access and control the changes of model central data base for the collective validation. The design is based on the collaborative knowledge and experience exchange, where risks, responsibilities and successes came from individual contributions. The easy access to information offered by BIM system allows a better exchange of ideas and to make faster decisions. 3.4 Information Management The BIM implementation in an office changes the conventional working method, as the system not only shapes the product, but also includes features such as components, processes and documents. The technology allows the management of the life cycle with integrated information database to a 3D model. According to Christianssen & Sarshar (2004), BIM technology advantages are as follows: i. Automated documentation, eliminating the risk of working with old version data, ii. Object modeled full understanding, since the details are entered at the initial design stage, iii. Unified database allows all team contributions archiving, and iv. Feedback facilitated by the documents organization. Moreover, the simulations for thermal, sunlight and sound analysis as construction site workflow are important to implementation decisions, materials choice, among others. The information exchange between the analysis applications is possible through the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard language. This language was developed by IAI - International Alliance for Interoperability with the aim to standardize the modeling language. IFC is a kind of modeling specification focused on the product and process modeling of the AEC industry(fu et al., 2006). 3.5 Project Management The project management, combined with BIM technology, facilitates the control of multiple files developed by different designers and promotes better understanding and visual control of the final project. Project management approach by BIM has three main steps: project planning, project process management and technical solutions management. The BIM tool provides for the manager ways to coordinate the team, accompanying the changes and new information insertion, information flow control and compatibility process automation. So it facilitates the involvement of several designers from the project earliest stages, regarding the discussion and development of solutions for the project (Fabricio, 2002). Coordination tools are changing the form of lead because the web based tools have essential systems for communication, conflict resolution, knowledge exchange and complex design integration. The manager can analyze, review and suggest changes at the research, informational databases, plans, and scope of the project (Anantatmula, 2008). This tool is able to synthesize the results from assessments, identifying and structuring problems and conflicts among the evaluated results, and finally produce a set of suggestions and options to assist the decision making process (Fu et al., 2006). The software to assess the process management, monitor schedules, allocate resources, estimate costs, monitor processes, so can efficiently and effectively assist five functions of management (Anantatmula, 2008) ), as follows: i. Document the roles defined in the design and implementation processes, ii. Establish formal and consistent processes, iii. Communicate expectations for processes, iv. Communicate openly with team members, even though virtually, and v. Monitor and manage products.
4 3.6 Management at the construction site Recently, one of the problems faced by companies is the difficulty to correctly view the work planning at construction site, especially in large and more complex projects. The 3D model along the timeline allows the visualization of the building construction progress. It presents a vision of the actual construction sequence, allowing interoperation with the site at all construction stages. This interaction is not possible with the traditional planning ways as the most used Gantt diagram, where viewing is based on the bar chart. 3.7 Interoperability The BIM system is already present in different software which makes interoperability a major concern for the multidisciplinary work (Crespo & Ruschel, 2007). Various software and modeling analysis of the BIM model, compatible with the standard IFC model developed by the IAI - International Alliance for Interoperability - enables the exchange of information between software architecture and design with intelligence based on the object - such as: ArchiCAD, Revit, VectorWorks Architect, Roland Messerli, EliteCAD, Ecotect e Sketch-up, among others. The details of the system, as in IFC interoperability, allow different applications to be compatible (Robinson, 2007). The interface of the IFC viewer consists of four sub-windows: a hierarchical objects list and their relationships, a virtual 3D model, a table listing all attributes of a selected object, and a list showing the assessment results (Fu et al., 2006). Other areas that also being developed are rules that include a code for automated verification of compliance (AC3) and to exchange transactions in BIM COBIE - Construction to Operations Building Information Exchange (Garber, 2009). 3.8 Limitations The tutorial activity has provides a practical overview of the theory studied. This practice led to the revision of some challenges for BIM technology implementation, among others, highlighting the need for change the architectural design practice, the tool complexity consumes much time for modeling, free software availability, and disability in the learning process: there are no comprehensive view on the whole process, especially constructive method. Moreover, the BIM CAD software requires "a robust platform, technical subsystems, including Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), data structure, customizations, and technical training" (Crespo & Ruschel, 2007). 4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK The increasing use of CAD tools provides the growth of tools made available by new technologies and activities involved in the design process, contributing to increase productivity and improve product quality. The work has identified a change in the design dynamics using BIM system. The standardization and organization of data is essential to ensure collaboration of various members during design and, modeling with BIM integrates all information into a single database, which facilitates project management. The implementation of this technology needs investment and changes in the market profile and the way organisations work. Moreover there is a need for investment during the conception and students training for familiarization with this kind of tool. From the obtained information through the BIM, a number of scientific enquiries and evaluation related actions to the built environment will be conducted to help designers make decisions with accurate information to achieve better performance of the project and the building. The expectation for change regarding innovation and competiveness in building environments, where architects and engineers play a crucial role to implement academic works. 5 REFERENCES Anantatmula, V.S The Role of Technology in the Project Manager Performance Model. Project Management Journal. Sylva: mar/2008. vol. 39, issue 1, p Aound, G., Lee, A., Wu, S The utilization of Building Information Models in nd modeling: a study of data interfacing and adoption barriers. Access: < Birx, G.W Getting Started With Building Information Modeling. The American Institute Of Architects - Best Practices. Access: < Crespo, C.C., Ruschel, R.C Ferramentas BIM: um desafio para a melhoria no ciclo de vida do projeto. Proceedings of Encontro de Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação na Construção Civil - TIC, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Fabricio, M.M Projeto simultâneo na construção de edifícios. Doctoral Thesis Civil Engeneering Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo. Florio, W Contribuições do Building Information Modeling no processo de Projeto em Arquitetura. Proceeding of Encontro de Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação na Construção Civil TIC. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.
5 Fu, C.; et al IFC model viewer to support nd model application. Automation in Construction 15 (2006) Garber, R Optimisation Stories - The Impact of Building Information Modelling on Contemporary Design Practice. Architectural Design. Volume 79, Issue 2, p Special Issue: Closing the Gap. Harink, J. M. J., Vries, B Generation of a construction planning from a 3D cad model. In: Automation in Construction 16 (2007) Koo, B.; Fischer, M Feasibility study of 4DCAD in commercial construction. Journal of construction Engineering and Management, v. 126, p Pupo, R. T.; Celani, M. G. C Prototipagem Rápida e Fabricação Digital para Arquitetura e Construção: Definições e Estado da Arte no Brasil. Cadernos de pós-graduação em arquitetura e urbanismo, v. 8, p. 3. Robinson, Clive Structural BIM: discussion, case studies and latest developments. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages Sarshar, M.; Christianssen, P Towards Virtual Prototyping in the Construction Industry: The Case Study of the Divercity Project, International Conference on Construction Information Technology. Proceedings I CITE. World IT for Design and Construction, Langkawi, Malaysia. ACKNOWLEGMENTS FAPESP - Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of São Paulo, for financial support for my Masters research - Case 08/
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