TOWARDS AN ARCHITECTURE FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABLE AIRPORTS

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1 International Symposium on Sustainable Aviation May 29- June 1, 2016 Istanbul, TURKEY TOWARDS AN ARCHITECTURE FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SUSTAINABLE AIRPORTS Murat Pasa UYSAL 1 ; M. Ziya SOGUT 2 1 Department of Management Information Systems, Ufuk University 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bursa Orhangazi University 1 murat.uysal@ufuk.edu.tr; 2 mzsogut@gmail.com SUMMARY With the introduction of various energy sources, such as renewable and new technologies, Energy Management (EM) has become crucial and much more complicated for airports. When regarding the aviation industry as one of the major sources of global warming an d air pollution, this situation becomes highly critical. However, the review of literature on Energy Management Information Systems (EMIS) for airports show that the proposed solut ions are usually domain-specific, platform-depended and away from suggesting complete solutions and s. Therefore, the main argument of this study is that a holistic and integrated approach should be adopted for EMISs in airports and we claim the notion of sustainability through the use of EA-based and ontology-based EMISs. The study is conducted according to the guidelines and principles of Design Science Research Method, and thus, an EA for EMIS and its ontology-based evaluation formed the main research outputs and contributions brought by this research. Keywords: Energy Management Information System, Enterprise Architecture, Ontology INTRODUCTION Air transportation has become a dynamic and competitive industry. As being a part of this, global and local economies, airports, today, have been comprised of systems and services, many of which support airside and landside operations with high levels of energy consumption rates. With the introduction of various energy sources, such as renewable and new transport technologies, Energy Management (EM) has become crucial and much more complicated for these safety-critical and mission-critical facilities (ACRP, 2010). To this end, different type of Energy Management Information Systems (EMIS) have been designed and developed. Ranging from embedded control systems to third party applications, they usually manage complex, hybrid technologies or components running on different platforms, which may belong to various disciplines, such as mechanical, electronics, information technologies. The review of literature on EMISs for airports show that the proposed solutions are usually domainspecific and platform-depended (ACRP, 2009). Moreover, they are away from suggesting complete s allowing the integrated management of energy systems required for airside and landside operations (Marks and Rietsema, 2015), considering different type of energy i.e. fossil fuel and renewable. When regarding the aviation industry as one of the major sources of global warming, noise and air pollution, this situation becomes highly critical. Consequently, our main argument is such that EMISs for airports should be achieved and addressed by holistic and integrated methods as well as they should have extensible, architectural and computational foundations. An Enterprise Architecture (EA) can address this issue, and thus, it is defined as a coherent whole of principles, methods, and models that are used in the design and realization of an enterprise s organizational structure, business processes, information systems, and infrastructure (Lankhorst, 2009). Therefore, EAs enable the alignment through the use of models that describe various aspects of organizations and they represent the views of different stakeholders. However, depending on various energy sources and requirements, one architectural model fits all approach may not address the organization-specific energy needs of airports while managing the dependencies between the models. Another important challenge is the integration, extension and ensuring the interoperability between different EAs, while evaluating their consistency, dependency and coherence to specifications. Thus, ontologies and their associated techniques have been attracting the researchers trying to address s and their evaluation issues. In this paper, therefore, we present an EA and ontology-based evaluation method for EMIS of airports. The main contributions brought by this research can be described as follows: To the best of our knowledge, it is the first EA proposed for EMIS, specifically for airports, Improved evaluation, expressiveness and extensibility of EAs for EMIS, Establishment of the consistency, dependency and coherence to specifications of EAs through the use of ontological analysis, methods and tools. The next parts of this paper include a review of the related work, research method, results, and discussion sections. METHOD The study is conducted according to the guidelines and principles of Design Science Research (DSR)

2 Method, which mainly focuses on the creation of innovative artifacts to solve real-world problems (Hevner et al., 2004; Vaishnavi and Kuechler, 2008). Therefore, DSR provided the set of required research activities for creating an EMIS EA by using the analysis, design, development, evaluation, reflection, and abstraction activities respectively. Furthermore, ontological design and evaluation methods are used to address the semantic and functional issues in the proposed. Figure 1 presents the DSR method adapted to this study according to our research goals. Relevance Identify a EMIS problem Define the objectives of a solution to the problem Specify the criteria that the solution should meet Theory and Knowledge Base DSR 1. Design 2. Develop 3. Evaluate application & data, infrastructure layers forms the main components of the proposed EA. Because of the space constraints and research limitations, only is the overall model given, and thus, the details are left to the next papers. Evaluation of the Architecture Ontologies have been used in various research and application domains mainly for the purposes: (1) establishing the communication and interoperability between different systems; (2) making computational inferences; and (3) organizing and reusing of knowledge (Antunes et al., 2013). To form a consistent theoretical foundation, ontologies can also be used for the conceptual and semantic evaluations of knowledge representations. The main rationale, in our study, is to identify the goodness of proposed EA from the viewpoint of a specified ontology (Green and Rosemann, 2005). Therefore, we adopted an ontological evaluation approach as given in Figure Specify ArchiMate as a DIO for EMIS 2. Transform proposed into a DSO Information Systems, Enterprise Architecture, Ontology, Energy Management 3. Verify and validate the ontology Fig.1. Research Method To infer the theoretical framework of the as an artifact, our research rigor relied on the foundations in the information systems, EA, Ontology and EM knowledge domains. In terms of research contributions, and according to the DSR paradigm, the research output can be classified as applying an extension of a known solution to a new problem (Gregor and Hevner, 2013) in the EM domain. Design and Development of the Architecture Initially, an enterprise vision was described and formed for defining the requirements of sustainable airports. The Architecture Development Method (ADM) was tailored and adapted to the specific needs of design and development activities. ArchiMate, as a tool, was both the modeling language and development environment used for the development of the proposed EA for EMIS. The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF v.9.1), combined with the ontological design, development and evaluation principles, provided the guidance and principles. Moreover, ADM described the EA development steps, which are also aligned with the design-develop-evaluate lifecycle of the DSR method. As can be seen from Appendix 1, process, 4. Resolve architectural issues if exist and make the required changes 5. Reflect the changes back to the EA for EMIS Fig.2. Ontological Evaluation of the EA for EMIS First, ArchiMate is assumed as a Domain- Independent Ontology (DIO) as well as being the development environment. Second, the proposed enterprise is transformed into a Domain-Specific Ontology (DSO) by using a plugin (Szwed, 2016), which converts the ArchiMate files into Web Ontology Language (OWL) format. Although this plugin has several limitations as a prototype, we are able to represent the core architectural components, behaviors and relationships in the form of ontological constructs. Thus, at the third step, Protégé is used as an environment for the ontology-based verification and validation procedures (Appendix 2). The resolve of architectural issues and making the required changes were at the fourth and fifth stages respectively. 2

3 The results showed that: (1) the proposed is able to represent EMISs at a degree of abstraction, and (2) the ontology for EMIS verifies the conceptual and semantic foundation while allowing reasoning or making computational inferences (Appendix 2). CONCLUSION The aviation has been regarded as one of the major sources of global warming and pollution. EM has become important more than ever, and thus, various EMISs have been used for EM and sustainability. The main argument of this research is that a holistic and integrated approach should be adopted for EMISs in airports. In other words, we claim the notion of sustainability through the use of EA-based and ontology-based EMISs. Additionally, we propose ontology-based evaluation techniques for addressing the main issues in EAs, such as, dependency, consistency, interoperability and integration. The results are promising and we hope that they can help researchers to obtain an overview of existing and possible approaches to sustainability in terms of EAs and Ontology. Our next work will focus on the test and application of this EA in a case study to have more concrete knowledge and empirical evidences. Vaishnavi V.K. & Kuechler W.J. 2008, Design science research methods and patterns: Innovating information and communication technology, Auerbach Publications, Taylor & Francis Group, NW, USA, Wand, Y., Weber, R, 1993, On the ontological expressiveness of information systems analysis and design grammars. Information Systems Journal. 3, REFERENCES ACRP 2009, Airport Cooperative Research Program: Integrative airport information systems, Report 13, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC. ACRP 2010, Airport Cooperative Research Program: Synthesis 21 airport energy efficiency and cost reduction, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC. Antunes, G., Bakhshandeh, M., Mayer, Rudolf, Borbinha, J. & Caetano,.A. 2013, Using ontologies for enterprise analysis, 17th IEEE International EDOCW, Vancouver, BC. Hevner A, March S., Park J. & Ram S., 2004, Design science in information systems research, MIS Quarterly, 28(1), pp Lankhorst, M. 2009, Enterprise Architecture at work: Modelling, communication, and analysis. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Green P. & Rosemann M. 2005, Business systems analysis with ontologies, Idea Group Publishing, PA, USA. Gregor S. & A.R. Hevner, 2013 Positioning and presenting design science research for maximum impact, MIS Quarterly, 37(2), pp Marks A. & Rietsema K. 2015, Airport information systems- Landside management information systems, Intelligent Information Management, Szwed P. 2016, Plugin for transforming Archimate files into OWL. Retrieved from ~pszwed/en/ doku.php? id=archi_to_owl, on March 12,

4 International Symposium on Sustainable Aviation May 29- June 1, 2016 Istanbul, TURKEY Appendix 1. The proposed enterprise for EMIS

5 Appendix 2. The domain-specific ontology for EMIS modeled in Protégé environment 5