COURSE SYLLABUS IGA-523. Innovation for Global Development Fall Course Description

Transcription

1 COURSE SYLLABUS IGA-523 Innovation for Global Development Fall 2017 Faculty: Calestous Juma Faculty Assistant: Katie Gordon Office: L-356 FA Office: L-349A Telephone: FA Telephone: FA Office Hours (by appt. only): TBD Course Assistant: TBD Lectures: Tuesday and Thursday, 10:15-11:30 AM CA Contact Info: Review Sessions: N/A Course Description The aim of this course is to examine the role of science, technology and innovation in fostering economic growth in emerging economies as well as their increased participation in the global economy. It draws on a draft book by Professor Juma tentatively entitled, A Culture of Innovation: Technology, Entrepreneurship and Global Development. The course focuses on the phenomena of technological catch-up and leapfrogging. Training in the natural sciences or engineering are not a requirement for the course. The course is divided into four units. The first unit provides a conceptual foundation for understanding the role of technological innovation and the associated institutional innovation in the process of economic transformation. The second unit presents country experiences of technological catch-up and leapfrogging. The third unit analyzes the technological opportunities and challenges open to developing countries. The final section assesses the policy and institutional innovations needed to foster technological catch-up and leapfrogging. Governments around the world are searching for ways to harness the power of science, technology and innovation to foster economic development. Their strategies are being significantly influenced by the forces of globalization. International development agencies are similarly rethinking their approaches in light of the opportunities provided by rapid advances in science and technology. The course seeks to equip students with skills in science and technology policy analysis. The course uses an interdisciplinary approach and emphasizes the importance of teamwork in the design and implementation of science and technology policy. In addition to developing analytical skills, students are expected to strengthen their capacity to work in teams by integrating knowledge from a diversity of sources. Students are expected to leverage their previous experiences as relevant or explore new avenues related to their career aspirations. The course is designed to accommodate students from all fields interested in the role of technological innovation in development. The sessions will be conducted through guided discussion as well as lectures, guest speakers and presentations by students. Modest adjustments 1

2 in the syllabus will be introduced to accommodate specialized interests by students and address important topical issues. Class Participation Class participation is an essential part of the course and students will be required to demonstrate knowledge of the readings and be able to offer a critical assessment of the contents. Students will be asked to lead class discussions and others will be expected to contribute to discussion based on the readings and other relevant sources of information. Grading Class participation (35%) will be evaluated on the basis of: (a) familiarity with the readings; (b) quality of contributions; (c) critical and creative approaches to the issue; and (c) respect for the views of others. Paper outline (20%) of no more than 1,500 words based on the literature covered in class and identification of case material to be covered in the final paper. The aim of the outline is to lay the groundwork for the final paper and the grading will focus on the extent to which students demonstrate familiarity with the literature and underlying concepts. Policy analysis paper (45%) of no more than 5,000 words covering a conceptual foundation, case material and identification of policy options and their implications. Feedback and deadlines Feedback will be provided to students at the various milestones in the preparation of the policy analysis paper. This will include feedback in office hours or in writing after each deadline. The aim of the feedback will be to ensure that students get sufficient input before they submit their papers for grading. While offering reasonable flexibility, continuous feedback will depend on adherence to deadlines. No further feedback will be provided on the final paper other than the grade unless agreed upon prior to its submission. Projects Topic identification memo This will be one paragraph that identifies the topic that the student plans to focus on during the course. This can be in the form of a particular case study or a theme that provides a basis for the identification of a case study. The aim of the memo is to help in the identification of the relevant literature, case studies, and contacts. Early identification of issues significantly improves the learning process and the quality of the final product. Students may later change their areas of focus as they start to work on their extended outlines, case studies, and policy analysis papers. Where possible, students are encouraged to liaise with external professionals as sources of input, networking and career advice. 2

3 Paper outline Each student will be expected to produce an extended outline of their paper (1,500 words). The outline will serve as a conceptual foundation, framework or background that will be used to analyze a specific theme for the final paper. Students will be expected to demonstrate their knowledge of the literature and its relevance to a specific field of interest they intend to examine in the final paper. Policy analysis papers The final product from the class will be case studies on issues and themes discussed in the class. The focus of the 5,000-word paper will be on institutional reforms needed to support technological innovation. The paper should be divided into the following sections: (a) executive summary; (b) introduction; (c) background to the topic; (c) literature review based on the readings and additional sources; (d) case study serving as an illustration; (e) identification of policy options for action; and (f) references. The paper will be based on secondary sources but students are encouraged to make contacts with practitioners in the field as part of the professional networking. Papers will be prepared individually, or in groups of no more than three, on topics discussed with and approved by Professor Juma. They are expected to demonstrate analytical rigor, familiarity with the literature, coherence in presentation, and clarity of the recommendations or policy options as well as their political feasibility. Support may be provided to students seeking to contribute feature articles or opinion pieces to newspapers based on their draft policy analysis papers. Additional support may be provided to those interested in submitting revised papers to scholarly journals for consideration. Case study Students do have the option of undertaking to write a case study on a topic related to technological innovation in substitution of the class presentation. Students may choose to focus on an organization they have worked with, write or document an event that took place, or explore the experiences of a certain individual. Cases generated though class will be used in the future as a reading and reference material for the class. For information on how to write case studies kindly visit Resources In addition to the required readings, students will have opportunities to contact development professionals associated with the Science, Technology and Globalization (STG) Project. Students will be supported to build international connections with experts in their areas of interest. They will also have access to the STG website which provides links to additional background papers, discussion papers, journals, organizations and conferences. 3

4 Scholarly journals Professor Juma edits two peer-reviewed journals, the International Journal of Technology and Globalisation and the International Journal of Biotechnology, in addition to serving on the editorial boards of leading innovation journals such as Research Policy; Science and Public Policy; Technovation; International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation; International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development; and International Journal of Global Environmental Issues. Following the completion of the course, some of the outstanding papers have formed the basis for the preparation of papers that have been published by the authors in peer-reviewed journals. Networking Information on career and networking opportunities will be provided as needed. STG maintains links with numerous international organizations and alumni of the HKS executive education program on Innovation for Economic Development around the world. Additional contacts are provided through scientific academies such as the Royal Society of London, the US National Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, the Royal Academy of Engineering, and the African Academy of Sciences. In addition, the course offers opportunities for establishing contacts with a wide range of international professionals and institutions working on science, innovation and development. The focus of the network is to enable course participants to explore opportunities for future professional engagement. Course participants will also have the opportunity to recommend guest speakers or professional contacts of relevance to the syllabus. Additional networking will be provided through the Agricultural Innovation in Africa (AIA) and the Health Innovation in Africa projects directed by Professor Juma and funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 4

5 Syllabus Overview UNIT 1: BACKGROUND AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS Week One Class #1 Thurs., Aug. 31: Introduction Week Two Class #2 Tues., Sept. 5: Innovation studies in history Class #3 Thurs., Sept. 7 Technology and economy Week Three Class #4 Tues., Sept. 12: Innovation systems and development Class #5 Thurs., Sept. 14: Technological capacity building and upgrading Week Four Class #6 Tues., Sept. 19: Science and technology policy analysis (Topic identification memo due) Unit 2: TECHNOLOGICAL LEARNING, CATCH-UP AND LEAPFROGGING Class #7 - Thurs., Sept. 21: Technological learning beyond catch-up Week Five Class #8 - Tues., Sept. 26: Higher technical training and development Class #9 Thurs., Sept. 28: Technological regimes and windows of opportunity Week Six Class #10 Tues., Oct. 3: Technological catch-up Class #11 Thurs., Oct. 5: Technological leapfrogging Week Seven Class #12 Tues., Oct. 10: Catch-up and leapfrogging in India and Brazil Class #13 Thurs., Oct. 12: Catch-up and leapfrogging in Argentina, Chile, and South Africa Week Eight Class #14 Tues. Oct. 17: Limitations of catch-up and leapfrogging Class #15 Thurs., Oct. 19: Writing break (Paper outline due) UNIT 3: EMERGING TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Class #16 Tues., Oct. 24: Global value chains Class #17 Thurs., Oct. 26: Information and communications technology Class #18 Tues., Oct. 31: Agricultural biotechnology Class #19 Thurs., Nov. 2: Renewable energy technology Class #20 Tues., Nov. 7: Biomedical technology UNIT 4: THE INNOVATION STATE Class #21 Thurs., Nov. 9: Innovation systems and public policy Class #22 - Tues., Nov. 14: The Role of the State Class #23 Thurs., Nov. 16: Writing break (First draft due) Class #24 Tues., Nov. 21: Financing Innovation THANKSGIVING: Nov (no classes) Class #25 Tues., Nov. 28: Science and innovation advice Class #26 Thurs., Nov. 30: Wrap-up and Open discussion FINAL PAPER DUE: 12/15/17 5

6 Class Meetings, Readings and Assignments: UNIT 1: BACKGROUND AND THEORETICA FOUNDATIONS Week One Class #1 Thurs, Aug. 31: Introduction The aim of this session is to introduce the course, provide an opportunity for students to learn about each other s interests and identify opportunities for adjustment in the syllabus. Abramovitz, M Catching Up, Forging Ahead, and Falling Behind, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp none Week Two Class #2 Tues., Sept. 5: Innovation studies in history The role of innovation in the economy was first put forward by Joseph Schumpeter in his 1912 classic, The Theory of Economic Development. The aim of this session is to examine the evolution of the field of innovation studies with particular emphasis on catch-up and leapfrogging among emerging economies. Martin, Ben The Evolution of Science Policy and Innovation Studies, Research Policy, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp Juma, C Complexity, Innovation, and Development: Schumpeter Revisited, Journal of Policy and Complex Systems, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp What are the precursors of science, technology and innovation studies? 2. How does Schumpeter s theory of development differ from other approaches? 3. What role does recombinant innovation play in Schumpeter s theory of development? Class #3 Thurs., Sept. 7: Technology and economy This session explores the mechanisms that drive technological evolution. It examines how new technologies co-evolve with economic systems and their wider societal as well as ecological implications. Arthur, W.B The Nature of Technology: What it is and How it Evolves, Free Press, New York, Chapters 2, 10. 6

7 1. How do new technologies emerge? 2. What are the implications of recombination for technological evolution? 3. How does technology and economy co-evolve? Week Three Class #4 Tues., Sept. 12: Innovation systems and development Knowledge flow and the associated institutional organization play a critical role in shaping the pace and direction of economic transformation. The session examines the characteristics of innovation systems and the important role they play in evolutionary approaches to economic growth. Metcalfe, S. and Ramlogan, R Innovation Systems and the Competitive Process in Developing Economies, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp , Nelson, R Economic Development from the Perspective of Evolutionary Economic Theory, Oxford Development Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 9-21, =aph&an= &site=ehost-live&scope=site. 1. What is the origin of the concept of innovation systems? 2. What are the essential attributes of an innovation systems approach? 3. What is the role of institutions in innovation systems? Class #5 Thurs., Sept. 14: Technological capacity building and upgrading Economic growth is associated with accumulation of technological capabilities in enterprises. This session provides examples of the dynamics and sources of technological capability development. It examines the theme of capability building as part of the larger enterprise of economic learning. Fagerberg, J. and Srholec, M National Innovation Systems: Capabilities and Economic Development, Research Policy, Vol. 37, No. 9, pp Camisón, C. and Beatriz Forés, B Knowledge Absorptive Capacity: New Insights for its Conceptualization and Measurement, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 63, No. 7, pp

8 1. What is meant by technological capacity? 2. What factors influence the knowledge absorptive capacity of nations? 3. What is the role of enterprises in the development and accumulation of technological capacity? Week Four Class #6 Tues., Sept. 19: Science and technology policy analysis The aim of this session is to outline the core principles underlying science and technology policy analysis with particular emphasis on the role of case studies. It provides the mechanics of preparing policy analysis papers. ***Assignment: Topic identification memo due*** UNIT 2: TECHNOLOGICAL LEARNING, CATCH-UP AND LEAPFROGGING Class #7 Thurs., Sept. 21: Technological learning beyond Catch-up Technological innovation is a process of continuous learning that involves the acquisition, domestication and accumulation of know-how. This session explores how joint ventures are used as vectors for technological learning. Nam, K.-M Learning through the International Joint Venture: Lessons from the Experience of China s Automotive Sector, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp Hunter, M On Some Misconceptions about Entrepreneurship, Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp Discussion questions 1. What role does foreign direct investment play in international technology flows? 2. How are joint ventures used for the acquisition of technological capacity? 3. What role does entrepreneurship play in technological innovation? Week Five Class #8 Tues., Sept. 26: Higher technical training and development This session examines the role that higher technical training can play in development. Specific attention is placed on university-industry relations as well as the role of universities as engines of community development. Trencher, G. et al Beyond the Third Mission: Exploring the Emerging University Function of Co-creation for Sustainability, Science and Public Policy, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp

9 Mok, K.H The Quest for Innovation and Entrepreneurship: The Changing Role of University in East Asia, Globalisation, Societies & Education, Vol. 10, Vo. 3, pp What are the critical roles that entrepreneurship plays in Innovation systems? 2. What are the differences between industrial and agricultural start-ups? 3. What role can government play in fostering entrepreneurship? Class #9 Thurs, Sept. 28: Technological regimes and windows of opportunity This session traces the origins of the concepts of technological catch-up and technological leapfrogging and analyzes their strengths and weaknesses. Soete, L International Diffusion of Technology, Industrial Development and Technological Leapfrogging, World Development, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp Hobday, M Technological Learning in Singapore: A Test Case of Leapfrogging, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp What is understood by social capabilities and how do they shape the process of catchup? 2. What are the leapfrogging opportunities provided by international technology transfer? 3. What is the relationship between leapfrogging and technological learning? Week Six Class #10 Tues., Oct. 3: Technological Catch-up Latecomer economies have been able to take advantage of emerging technologies and catch-up with frontrunners. The aim of this session is to explore the dynamics underlying the catchprocess using examples from South Korea and China. Lee, K. and Lim, C Technological Regimes, Catching-up and Leapfrogging: Findings from the Korean Industries, Research Policy, Vol. 30, pp Lee, Keun, Seong-Jae Chong, and Jia Jin Dynamics of Catch-up in Mobile Phones and Automobiles in China: A Sectoral Systems of Innovation Perspective, China Economic Journal, No 1, Discussion questions 1. What role does technology cycles play in the process of catch-up? 9

10 2. What kinds of capabilities are needed to enable latecomers to catch up? 3. What role do government institutions play in the catch-up process? Class #11 Thurs., Oct. 5: Technological Leapfrogging Latecomer economies have often benefitted from technological leapfrogging by harnessing existing technologies and deploying them in the economy. This session uses case studies from China to explore the dynamics and policy implications of technological leapfrogging. Chen, D. and Li-Hua, R Modes of Technological Leapfrogging: Five Case Studies from China, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 28, pp Lee, K Catching-up or Leapfrogging in the Indian IT Service Sector: Windows of Opportunity, Path-creating, and Moving up the Value Chain, Development Policy Review, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp To what extent does the process of technological advancement open or close opportunities for innovation for latecomer economies? 2. What are the key lessons from the cases of technological leapfrogging by Chinese and Indian firms? 3. How relevant are the lessons in the case studies to your country, region or firm? Week Seven Class #12 Tues., Oct 10: Catch-up and leapfrogging in India and Brazil Many of the early examples of technological catch-up and leapfrogging are derived from the semi-conductor industry. This session reviews the divergent paths pursued by Brazil and India in developing their pharmaceutical sectors. Chaturvedi, S Exploring Interlinkages between National and Sectoral Innovation Systems for Rapid Technological Catch-up: Case of Indian Biopharmaceutical Industry, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 19 No. 5, pp Guennif, S. and Ramani, S Explaining Divergence in Catching-up in Pharma between India and Brazil Using the NSI Framework, Research Policy, Vol. 41, pp How does a country s national innovation system affect its catch-up strategy? 10

11 2. How does the nature of technology affect a country catch-up strategy? 3. What are the unique attributes of the pharmaceutical sector that influence catch-up? Class #13 Thurs., Oct. 12: Catch-up and leapfrogging in Argentina, Chile and South Africa Most of the studies on technological catch-up and leapfrogging have focused on industrial competitiveness in newly industrialized countries. This session examines the phenomena in agriculture in emerging economies using the case of the wine industry in Argentina, Chile, and South Africa. Farinelli, F The Awakening of the Sleeping Giant: Export Growth and Technological Catch-up of the Argentine Wine Industry, International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 3, Nos. 2/3, pp , Cusmano, L., Morrison, A. and Rabellotti, R Catching up Trajectories in the Wine Sector: A Comparative Study of Chile, Italy, and South Africa, World Development, Vol. 38. No. 11, pp How does the wine sector differ from other industrial sectors? 2. What strategies were used for catch-up in the wine sector? 3. What are the main lessons from catch-up in the wine sector? Week Eight Class #14 Tues., Oct. 17: Limitations of catch-up and leapfrogging The aim of this session is to outline the challenges and limitations associated with technological catch-up and leapfrogging in developing countries. It also suggests that industrial leaders can respond to the challenge of catch-up by renewing their industries and avoid falling behind. Leseure, M. et al Playing Catch-up with China: Challenges and Strategies for Smaller Developing Countries, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 21 No. 5, pp Huang, C.-Y Rethinking Leapfrogging in the End-user Telecom Market, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 78, pp Discussion questions 1. What technological factors limit catch-up and leapfrogging? 2. What institutional factors limit catch-up and leapfrogging 3. What measures can be used to overcome the limitations? 11

12 Class #15 -- Thurs., Oct. 19: Writing Break (paper outline due) UNIT 3: EMERGING TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Class #16 Tues., Oct. 24: Global value chains Participation in the global economy is a key challenge for developing countries and small economies in the industrialized countries. Responding to these challenges will involve greater investment in science and technology and continued upgrading of productive facilities. The outcomes are usually a result of interactions between foreign technology and local innovation. Pietrobelli, C. and Rabellotti, R Global Value Chains Meet Innovation Systems: Are There Learning Opportunities for Developing Countries? World Development, Vol. 39, No. 7, pp Lema, R., Quadros, R. and Schmitz, H Reorganising Global Value Chains and Building Innovation Capabilities in Brazil and India, Research Policy, Vol.44, no. 7, pp Zhang, F. and Gallagher, K.S Innovation and Technology Transfer through Global Value Chains: Evidence from China's PV Industry, Energy Policy, Vol. 94, pp What is the importance of foreign technology in national innovation systems? 2. What role do global value chains play in evolution of innovation systems? 3. What policy approaches can be used to tap into global value chains? Class #17 Thurs., Oct. 26: Information and communications technologies The role of information and telecommunications technologies in development has emerged as one of the most challenging areas of policy reform. Much of the discussion on information technology has tended to focus on devices. This session examines the role of information technology as a platform for economic transformation. Liu, C The Evolution of Telecommunications Policy-making: Comparative Analysis of China and India, Telecommunications Policy, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp By: Bauer, J.M Platforms, Systems Competition, and Innovation: Reassessing the Foundations of Communication Policy, Telecommunications Policy, Vol. 38, No. 8/9, pp

13 Discussion points: 1. What are the main policy objectives of telecommunications policies? 2. How can communication policy be adjusted to reflect development objectives? 3. How can communication policy support technological innovation objectives? Class #18 Tues., Oct. 31: Agricultural biotechnology Emerging platform technologies play an important role in the ability of countries to meet their basic needs and participate in the global economy. This session examines the evolution of agricultural research, with particular emphasis on the long-term implications of advances in agricultural biotechnology for agricultural production. Juma, C The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa. Oxford University Press, New York, Chapter 2 and What is the role of technological innovation in agricultural transformation? 2. What are the benefits and risks of applying agricultural biotechnologies? 3. What are the main regulatory issues in agricultural biotechnology and how are they being influenced by advances in science and technology? Class #19 Thurs., Nov. 2: Renewable energy technology The pressure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions has spurred interest in the development of renewable energy technologies. This session examines the process of technological catch-up and leapfrogging in renewable energy in China and India. Lema, R. and Lema, A Technology Transfer? The Rise of China and India in Green Technology Sectors, Innovation and Development, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp Dai, Y. and Xue, L China s Policy Initiatives for the Development of Wind Energy Technology, Climate Policy, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp To what extent did international public concern over climate change stimulate innovation in renewable energy technology? 2. What are the patterns of technological catch-up and leapfrogging in renewable energy in China and India? 3. What are the main lessons from the cases of China and India? Class #20 Tues., Nov. 7: Chinese Investment in Reshaping Africa Guest Speaker: Irene Sun, author of The Next Factory of the World: How Chinese Investment Is Reshaping Africa 13

14 TBD UNIT 4: THE INNOVATION STATE Class #21 Thurs., Nov. 9: Innovation systems and public policy Designing national and regional policies that promote technological innovation is one of the most critical challenges facing developing countries. The task is compounded by uncertainty on the one hand the pressure to identify patterns that make it possible to adopt viable policy approaches. This session examines the use of evolutionary approaches to in policymaking under conditions of technological uncertainty. Ebner, A Public Policy, Governance and Innovation: Entrepreneurial States in East Asian Economic Development. International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp , Ramstad, E Expanding Innovation Systems and Policy: An Organisational Perspective, Policy Studies, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp , 1. What are the main attributes of the entrepreneurial state? 2. How does an innovation systems approach affect public policy design and implementation? Class #22 Tues., Nov. 14: The role of the state Much of the debate over the role of the state in the economy has tended to focus on either its size or on ideological arguments about its place in a free market. This session explores the role that the state plays in fostering technological innovation. It seeds to transcend the role of the state as a driver of entrepreneurship and explores the concept of the innovation state. Ebner, A Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and the Rationale of Government: An Outline of the Schumpeterian Theory of the State, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp Sun, Z Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurial State: The Development of China s High-Speed Rail Industry, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp Discussion points 1. What are the key ways by which the state supports innovation? 14

15 2. How can the state support innovation while avoiding bureaucratic capture? 3. What reforms are needed to enable the state perform support innovation effectively? Class #23 Thurs., Nov. 16: Writing break ***Assignment: First draft due*** Class #24 Tues., Nov. 21: Financing innovation Financing innovation is one of the most complex challenges facing developing countries. In addition to direct funding to research, venture capital represents one of the most critical inputs into the business creation process. This session examples the different types of financial instruments used to support innovation. Ben-Ari, G. and Vonortas, N Risk Financing for Knowledge-based Enterprises: Mechanisms and Policy Options, Science & Public Policy, Vol. 34, No. 7, pp , =aph&an= &site=ehost-live&scope=site. Bjørgum, Ø. and Sørheim, R The Funding of New Technology Firms in a Precommercial Industry The Role of Smart Capital, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp Li, Y. and Zahra, S.A Formal Institutions, Culture, and Venture Capital Activity: A Cross-country Analysis, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp What role does venture capital play in financing innovation? 2. What are the limitations of venture capital as a source of finance for innovation? 3. What are other ways by which countries can finance innovation? THANKSGIVING BREAK: NOV 23-25, NO CLASSES Class #25 Tues., Nov. 28: Science and innovation advice Science and technology advice is an essential input into the process of decision-making on the integration of innovation into development strategies. This session reviews the principles, procedures and institutional arrangement used to provide science and technology advice to leaders. Juma, C. and Lee, Y.C Innovation: Applying Knowledge in Development. London: Earthscan, Chapter 9: Advising Governments on Science, Technology, and Innovation. 15

16 Feuer, M.J. and Maranto, C.J Science Advice as Procedural Rationality: Reflections on the National Research Council, Minerva, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp What are the main principles of science and technology advice? 2. What are the main procedures applied in science and technology advice? 3. What is the structure of science and technology advice in your country and how can it be improved? Class #26 Thurs., Nov. 30: Wrap-up and Open discussion None Assignment: Final paper due December 15,