La société de l information et la nouvelle économie. La société de l information, quel changement?

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1 La société de l information et la nouvelle économie Nature, direction et ampleur du changement Gaëtan Tremblay La société de l information, quel changement? Transformations et révolutions La société de l information Les TI L espace, le temps, le gouvernement L économie du savoir ou l économie «digitale» Continuité ou rupture? Quelques définitions et données de base Visions de rupture Le capitalisme informationnel Le rêve nord-américain de la nouvelle frontière Le gatesisme, régime d accumulation du capital Nouveaux modes de régulation

2 2 Nombre d internautes dans le monde sept mai- 01 sept- 02 Statistiques américaines sur la nouvelle économie

3 3 % du CE dans le commerce de détail E-commerce as Percent of Total Sales Description Total Retail Trade 0,9% 0,5% Motor vehicles and parts dealers 0,6% 0,2% Furniture and home furnishings stores (S) (S) Electronics and appliance stores 0,6% 0,3% Building materials and garden equipment and 0,2% (S) supplies stores Food and beverage stores (S) (S) Health and personal care stores (S) (Z) Gasoline stations (Z) (Z) Clothing and clothing accessories stores 0,2% 0,1% Sporting goods, hobby, book and music stores 0,5% 0,4% General merchandise stores (S) (S) Miscellaneous store retailers 0,4% 0,2% Nonstore retailers 13,3% 8,5% Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 19,8% 12,6% Electronic Data Interchange E-commerce as Percent of Total Sales EDI as Percent of E- commerce Sales Description Total Merchant Wholesale Trade 7,7% 88,3% Durable goods 7,5% 86,1% Motor vehicles, parts and supplies 20,0% 99,6% Furniture and home furnishings 5,7% 81,0% Lumber and other construction material 3,1% 97,8% Professional and commercial equipment and supplies 9,8% 71,8% Computer equipment and supplies 11,0% 67,2% Metals and minerals, excluding petroleum (S) (S) Electrical goods 4,1% 74,4% Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment 9,1% 97,7% Machinery, equipment and supplies 3,2% 83,5% Miscellaneous durable goods 6,0% 78,4% Nondurable goods 8,0% 90,7% Paper and paper products 3,2% 67,2% Drugs and druggists' sundries 39,6% 88,7% Apparel, piece goods and notions 9,4% 92,5% Groceries and related products 1,5% 93,5% Farm-products raw materials 3,1% 100,0% Miscellaneous nondurable goods 2,8% 94,7%

4 Nouvelle économie As many analysts are unsure if we are in a new economy, defining precisely what the term new economy means is difficult. The new economy, if we are in one, appears to be the product of various structural changes occurring in the last two decades that have contributed to the recent improvement in economic performance. US Census Bureau Digital Economy The digital economy is comprised of e-commerce and information technology (IT)- producing and IT-using industries. IT-producing industries include computer hardware, software/services, communications equipment, and communication services industries. ESA defines industries as IT-using if they are among the top 15 industries as measured by either of two measures: IT net capital stock as a share of total equipment stock or IT investment per employee. This criterion results in approximately twenty 2-digit SIC industries being classified as ITusing.6 E-commerce is defined below. US Census Bureau E-Business E-business is any process that a business organization conducts over a computer-mediated network. Business organizations include any for-profit, governmental, or nonprofit entity. Examples of online e-business processes include: purchasing, selling, vendor-managed inventory, production management, and logistics, as well as communication and support services, such as online training and recruiting. Computer-mediated networks are electronically linked devices that communicate interactively over network channels. A variety of electronic devices can be linked, including computers, Internet-enabled cellular phones, personal digital assistants, and WebTV. Such links generally involve minimal human intervention. Networks include the Internet, Intranets, Extranets, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) networks, and telecommunication networks. These networks may be either open or closed (US Census Bureau). E-Commerce E-commerce is any transaction completed over a computer-mediated network that involves the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services. Transactions occur within selected e-business processes (e.g., selling process) and are completed when the agreement between buyer and seller to transfer the ownership of, or rights to use, goods or services occurs over computer-mediated networks. Electronic agreement, not payment, is the key determinant of an e- commerce transaction. Unpriced transactions such as downloading free software available on the Internet are excluded. Examples of e-commerce transactions include sales of books or CD-ROMs over the Internet, an electronic marketplace selling parts to another business, a manufacturing plant selling components to another plant within the company using the firm's Intranet, and a manufacturer selling to a retailer over an EDI network. US Census Bureau 4

5 5 Impact de la NE Measuring the Electronic Economy. Current Status and Next Steps B.K. Atrostic, John Gates, and Ron Jarmin U.S. Census Bureau, June 2000 Impact de la NE The electronic economy is expected to affect many important measures of economic performance. For example, investments in electronic business infrastructure and improved business practices (electronic business) are widely thought to be the driving force behind the current period of sustained U.S. economic growth with low inflation, low unemployment, and rising productivity. Data users, researchers, and policymakers are therefore interested in estimating the electronic economy s contribution to performance measures such as aggregate production and economic growth. Because any benefits of the electronic economy may not be spread evenly throughout the economy, there also is interest in assessing whether such impacts vary across firms, industries, regions, or sectors. Impact de la NE Despite the pertinence of such questions, the federal statistical system currently provides relatively little information to begin answering them. Developing the necessary statistical infrastructure requires both improved baseline measures of some aspects of the entire economy, and new information about the electronic economy. As the examples of PC manufacturers suggests, the effects of the electronic economy are likely to differ among businesses within an industry, as well as across industries, sectors, and regions. Statistical agencies need to provide data with sufficient detail to estimate these differential impacts by firm size, region, and industry.

6 6 TI et productivité Argument central de Castells Théorie et données empiriques Problèmes de mesure Information Revolution When the President and I took office, that year the information super highway was no more than a vision. Here, in the same White House where Thomas Jefferson charted the course of continental exploration with Lewis and Clark, and John F. Kennedy challenged us to put a man on the moon, we were faced with a stark choice. We could either push into new frontiers or allow opportunities to slip away. The choices we have made since then have left us substantially better off than we were eight years ago. We decided to offer America a vision and a strategy for creating a National Information Infrastructure, a seamless web of communication networks, computers, databases and consumer electronics that would put vast amounts of information and new tools at users fingertips. We knew an Information Revolution was upon us and that it would change the way we lived, worked and interacted with each other. We wanted to maximize the benefits it would offer to our citizens. In 1994, we broadened our vision to include the developing world. In Buenos Aires, before the International Telecommunication Union, I outlined a vision for creating a Global Information Infrastructure that would reach large segments of the world population and create new opportunities for their economic and social development. We recognized that we could not be complacent about the disparity between the high and low-income nations and their access to new technologies. We recognized that the development of the GII must be a cooperative effort among governments, businesses, non-profit groups and people. We based our strategy for achieving these objectives on five essential principles: private investment, competition, open access, flexible regulatory frameworks, and universal access. Since 1994, these principles have been broadly accepted worldwide and have helped create flourishing markets in many countries that have enabled telecommunications and information technologies to reach more people and improve their lives. Privatization, competition, and liberalization remain the cornerstones of our policy. In 1997, we released the Framework for Global Electronic Commerce and again sharpened and extended our vision and strategy to make it even more relevant to thenembryonic developments in the electronic marketplace. While e-commerce is the

7 7 product of the innovation, imagination, and investment decisions of the private sector, we helped create an environment in which these forces could flourish. We made private sector leadership, avoidance of unnecessary restrictions, and, when needed, government intervention that is supportive, predictable, minimalist, consistent, and simple our watchwords. These principles have endured and have continued to serve us well. They increasingly have become the de facto common law of e-commerce policymaking around the world. Ostensibly, this report records the progress we have made implementing our e- commerce principles and policies over the last year. In fact, it summarizes the progress we have made over the last eight. Over that period, we have worked together with stakeholders in the business, non-profit and international communities to narrow the digital divide and create digital opportunity at home and abroad. We have not only recognized the potential of new technologies like the Internet, we have harnessed their power to the cause of progress and prosperity. Our economy, which has experienced the longest expansion in peacetime history, reflects our success in using information technologies to spur growth, raise productivity, limit inflation, and create jobs. Our society reflects our success in using information technologies to expand greatly access to education, training, and medical and health information. Our government reflects our success in empowering our citizens and reinventing government for the Information Age. We have made our government more efficient, accessible, accountable, and, most importantly, more responsive to its customers than ever before (Al Gore, 2000, Preface). Le gatesisme Fordisme et gatesisme Nouvelle norme de production et de consommation Réseaux et système financier Concentration et concurrence Nouvelles formes de régulation La mondialisation La concentration du capital La privatisation L État-nation Les partenariats

Disbursements (In thousands of dollars, not adjusted for inflation) Industry

Disbursements (In thousands of dollars, not adjusted for inflation) Industry Wage and Salary by NAICS Industry for Iowa: 2001-2009 1 (In thousands of dollars, not adjusted for inflation) Industry 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Wage and salary disbursements by place