DOWNLOAD PDF OCEANS GOVERNANCE AND MARITIME STRATEGY

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1 Chapter 1 : David Wilson, Dick Sherwood's Oceans Governance and Maritime Strategy PDF - AAPC E-boo International ocean governance is about managing and using the world's oceans and their resources in ways that keep our oceans healthy, productive, safe, secure and resilient. Today, 60% of the oceans are outside the borders of national blog.quintoapp.com implies a shared international responsibility. Climate change, poverty and food security are some of the global challenges that can be effectively addressed, if oceans are better protected and sustainably managed. The Commission and the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy adopted a Joint Communication today, proposing actions for safe, secure, clean and sustainably managed oceans. As a strong global actor, the European Union sets out an agenda for better ocean governance based on a cross-sectoral, rules-based international approach. Our oceans are threatened by crime, piracy and armed robbery. Attempts to assert territorial or maritime claims are affecting regional stability and the global economy. The world has come to realise that oceans need better care. Only strong international cooperation can do that. The EU is taking the lead to create a stronger system of ocean governance around the globe. We are announcing an agenda for improving the way oceans are managed, reducing human pressure on our oceans, and investing in science. This will ensure that marine resources are used sustainably, for healthy marine eco-systems and a thriving ocean economy". Improving international ocean governance framework: The EU will cooperate with international partners to ensure implementation and will host in October the "Our Oceans" conference to build on these commitments. By the Commission will also produce guidance on the exploration and exploitation of natural resources in areas under national jurisdiction. Reducing human pressure on the oceans and creating the conditions for a sustainable blue economy: With the Paris Agreement having entered into force, the Commission will work to strengthen ocean-related action to implement national and international commitments, starting at Oceans Day at COP22 in Marrakech on 12 November If no action is taken to limit ocean warming and acidification, oceans risk deregulating the climate. The Commission will launch a pilot project to monitor illegal fishing worldwide using satellite communications. Marine litter is another major threat to oceans. Strengthening international ocean research and data: More understanding and sound scientific knowledge is essential to sustainably manage ocean resources and reduce human pressure. The Commission will propose how to develop this database into a worldwide marine data network. Page 1

2 Chapter 2 : EU External Strategy on Ocean Governance: Implications for IUU Fishing Control â HOUSE The Oceans of Wealth? study released in stated, 'Much of Australia's future is tied up with the sea'. This is as true today as it was almost ten years ago. Australia's exclusive economic zone is one and a half times larger than its l. According to Bueger, these developments indicate the emergence of African maritime security communities. A revised version of the maritime transport charter, the so-called Durban Resolution, was adopted in The AIM Strategy provides an overall understanding of maritime security that encompasses the economic, social, environmental and security dimensions. Among others, the AIM Strategy envisions the establishment of a Combined Exclusive Maritime Zone of Africa CEMZA, to enhance awareness on maritime issues by engaging civil society and other stakeholders, to strengthen maritime capacities and capabilities, to ensure maritime safety and security, to minimize environmental damages and to prevent criminal and hostile acts at sea. It also seeks to protect populations, maritime heritages e. To implement the AIMS and to achieve its ambitious objectives, the establishment of a number of new policies, strategies, agencies and coordination mechanisms is suggested. The AIM Strategy describes an ambitious and coherent policy approach for sustainable maritime security and development in Africa. It seeks to enshrine maritime security at the continental level, to strengthen collaboration between the AU, the RECs, member states and international partners, and to construct new fields for maritime policy and engagement at continental level. The AIM Strategy seeks to shift African maritime security policy to the continental level and, by doing so, reasserts the strategic leadership role of the AUC and its agencies. Africa, rather than international trade or a specific region, becomes the referent object that needs protection. This was to ensure that various actors and stakeholders were able to get involved and to contribute to the development of AIMS. Work on a comprehensive African maritime security strategy started formally in A task force was created in to develop a draft for what was now called the African Integrated Maritime Strategy. The draft was discussed at further expert workshops throughout and, as well as at the level of senior government officials and at a conference for Ministers Responsible for Maritime-Related Affairs. Mutual engagement and the development of common repertoires of practices and ideas are a key element of AIMS. The strategy is the product of mutual engagement and emphasises a continental understanding of maritime security; it provides a coherent and overarching policy framework for the activities of fragmented stakeholders, infrastructures and communities; and it enables actors to connect, coordinate and organize maritime security at continental level. The AIM Strategy defines maritime security from a continental perspective that encompasses the environmental, economic, social and security dimensions of the AMD. The international community has neglected the broader environment of maritime insecurity, environmental degradation and illegal fishing in Africa. Yet it is this environment that has arguably prevented Africa from realizing its maritime development potential. The international counter-piracy approach thus reflects the interests of global economic powers dependent on maritime trade largely western states rather than those of African states, people and coastal communities. It is against this background that Africa, through the AIM Strategy and other efforts, is beginning to construct a maritime security community based on its own experiences, needs and practices. It is an African attempt to reclaim the maritime security agenda from external actors and to define a coherent and development oriented maritime security strategy for the continent that serves the interests of all stakeholders. This is to satisfy the development needs of African states and people as well as international concerns over piracy and the security of global shipping lines. As the inclusive approach of the AU strategy makes clear, maritime security is a matter of good order as well as of just order at sea. Maritime security has to be provided for everyone, and maritime security governance needs to be more inclusive and provide space for the voices and agendas of less powerful groups of global society. Conclusion Africa is reasserting itself on the global maritime security agenda, and it is trying to do so on its own terms. The agenda of the AIM Strategy is certainly ambitious, and given the lack of resources for such activities on the continent, its implementation will largely depend on international funding and support. The sustainability of its maritime security community and the practices that constitute it are fragile. Bueger et al, it remains to be seen whether or not the international community is Page 2

3 willing to support the full implementation of the AIM Strategy beyond measures aimed at protecting international merchant shipping. Literature and further reading. Page 3

4 Chapter 3 : International Ocean Governance Project AWARE Twenty leading authorities examine Australia's diverse, and sometimes conflicting, interest in the oceans. Analysing scientific, economic, legal and security issues, they point to the need for appropriate infrastructures for management and use, surveillance, enforcement and control of the oceans. Few other materials can match the benefits of plastic â it is cheap to produce, it is impervious to water and has a high multipurpose use. While the boom in plastic production has benefited both manufacturers and consumers in terms of lower product costs, the global enchantment with this material has dramatic consequences. Although exact numbers remain difficult to procure, scientific estimates suggest that the global oceans contain more than 5. The sources range from industrial production, shipping, general littering, and water system pollution. In view of this staggering number, the need for a global response featured prominently during a two-day long conference on Oceans Governance hosted by The Hague Institute for Global Justice in late March. Seeing that plastic debris in the ocean does not respect state boundaries, effective global governance responses are required. Active collaboration between multiple stakeholders is indispensable in this context. However, the current legal framework on marine littering is insufficient. Adopting a comprehensive global governance strategy would therefore constitute a first important step in order to secure the future health of the oceans. While everyone can agree that the esthetical consequences of marine littering are hideous â soiled beaches and clusters of oceanic plastic patches â the problem extends beyond that of displeasing visuals. The largest amount of marine plastic debris is located under the water surface. Microplastics, plastic particles smaller than 5mm in size, pose a threat to living organisms in the marine environment because they alter the maritime ecology and ecosystem functions. As fish and other animals ingest plastic particles, they accumulate and become part of the food chain. Marine debris thus ultimately constitutes a threat to food security â one of the dimensions of human security as defined by the United Nations Development Programme â which further stresses the need for immediate action. The negative consequences related to marine debris is one of the reasons for why reducing marine pollution of all kinds is included in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals adopted in September In view of the various targets of Goal No. As for the international law dealing with the oceans in general, and with marine pollution in particular, the existing framework has potential, but is currently limited in its applicability. These treaties are mostly concerned with prohibiting vessel-sourced waste to enter the oceans, and only few articles explicitly refer to land-based pollution. Furthermore, even though the conventions impose duties and obligations on the parties, they also leave considerable opportunity for states to abdicate from this responsibility. For instance, states decide themselves what measures they can take in order to prevent pollution of the marine environment. The problem insufficient enforcement and monitoring mechanisms persists as a hindrance for compliance and subsequent improvement of the marine littering problem. The complexity of the marine debris issue â where it is coming from, whom it affects, and what its direct implications are, makes for a complicated case of domestic and international management. Arguably, international law cannot provide a sound solution to the marine littering problem alone. It must be supplemented by strong regional efforts. Protection of the marine environment will be achieved through the creation of economic incentives favoring recycling and efficient productivity. Such a system would concern various actors, from national governments, to the private sector and other institutions. Cooperation efforts are imperative in order to ensure functional implementation. Education represents another essential part in reaching a solution to the marine litter problem. The lack of public awareness about the consequences of unsustainable mass consumption practices and of how individual choices affect the environment is problematic. An example of an organization that actively emphasizes the engagement of the public is the research organization Algalita, which particularly focuses on environmental education of the youth. Considering the severity and magnitude of the problem of marine debris, it is essential that this issue is taken seriously. A global commitment to action plans and regulations that prevent and reduce plastic waste pollution in the marine environment is needed. Such commitments must however be guided by a holistic understanding of the problem, as involvement of stakeholders on all levels is indispensable. Page 4

5 Chapter 4 : Reclaiming the Maritime? The AUâ s New Maritime Strategy PIRACY STUDIES In this respect increased governance of the oceans has for many maritime nations served not only to highlight the importance of a naval capability but also to return the balance to the importance of all three of Booth's triad of roles to naval forces worldwide OCEANS GOVERNANCE AND MARITIME STRATEGY that in the broader geo-strategic. Page 5