Science, Technology & Innovation Policy Review - the Asian experience. Yu Wing Yin University of Bielefeld

Transcription

1 Science, Technology & Innovation Policy Review - the Asian experience Yu Wing Yin University of Bielefeld

2 POLICY FOR SCIENCE SCIENCE FOR POLICY

3 POLICY FOR SCIENCE P Resource allocation P Manpower development P Institutional development P Priority determination P Assessment P Forecasting

4 SCIENCE FOR POLICY PEducation PIndustry PHealth PEnvironment PEnergy PTransportation PCommunication PDefence PScience & Technology

5 Arthur C. Clarke Science... is the enemy of... fanatism and superstition Market fanatism is the enemy of science

6 LONG RETURN TIME LONG GESTATION PERIOD CAPITAL INTENSIVE HIGH RISK INFLEXIBLE

7 APPROPRIABILITY LEARNING TIME DELAY

8 NOT FINITE DOMAINED No private sector shrinkage corresponding to public sector expansion No zero-sum game

9 EXPERT GOOD SEARCH GOOD EXPERIENCE GOOD

10 MARKET FAILURES P Economy of scale P Economy of scope P Appropriability P Co-ordination P Non-tradability P Missing market P Time delay P Expert good P Public good

11 When the level of science and technology development is low, government intervention is necessary.

12 Most Asian countries have national strategy or plan for S&T development Some countries have a special S&T budget

13 Budgeting for S & T Incremental resourcing not adequate S&T development discrete and long-ranged

14 S&T MOSTLY IN PUBLIC SECTOR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FIRM LEVEL APPROACH INAPPROPRIATE

15 SERENDIPITY TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY

16 POLICY INSTRUMENTS DIRECT Scientific & Technological Education & Training Research & Development Scientific & Technological Services Technology Transfer

17 INDIRECT POLICY INSTRUMENTS Financial incentives Legislation Institutional action Marketing & Promotion

18 TARGETING UNIVERSAL AREAS P Information technology P Micro-electronics PNew materials P Biotechnology SPECIFIC AREAS

19 TECHNOLOGY APPROACH INDUSTRY APPROACH

20 EARLY STAGE Export promotion Import substitution R&D funding merit based LATER STAGE Technology innovation Private sector investment Relevance important in R&D funding

21 CASTASIA I 1968 Apex body in charge of S&T policy-making 1 % of GDP for R&D

22 CASTASIA II 1982 Institutional provision for S&T policy exists in most countries Far from target of 1% of GDP for R&D

23 Japan 3.15 Korea 2.63 Taiwan % Singapore 2.13 China % India % Hong Kong 0.69 Malaysia 0.69 Thailand 0.26 Philippines 0.14 Indonesia 0.04

24 JAPAN Science & Technology Agency alongside Ministry of Science, Education and Culture

25 THAILAND National Science & Technology Development Agency set up to complement Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy

26 CHINA State Science & Technology Commission changed to Ministry of Science & Technology

27 NCST (National Council for Science & Technology) Approves and reviews policies APEX BODY Policy formulation NRC (National Research Council) 2nd level body Advice & funding

28 Science & technology portfolio Policy co-ordination New function development

29 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT New dedicated institutions Flexibility Variation to cater for different fields More than one channel

30 BRAIN DRAIN Net exporters of talents Insufficient local opportunity for personal development Change in circumstances Information technology

31 Korea appealed to nationalism Taiwan used high salaries

32 CHINA Liberal policy since ,000 going abroad annually 5000 returning

33 SINGAPORE Reconsidering bond policy

34 MISMATCH Perceived or actual Employers - unwilling to invest in training prefer ready-made staff Graduates - inappropriately employed gained irrelevant experience Vicious cycle

35 Intermediary Agency Choi Hyung-Sup KIST Conversion mechanism Spawning ground ITRI in Taiwan

36 FINANCING OF TECHNOLOGY PFUNDS PBUSINESS ACUMEN PTECHNICAL EXPERTISE

37 TRIANGULAR LINKAGE GOVERNMENT ACADEMIC COMMUNITY PRIVATE SECTOR PUBLIC CONSTITUENCY

38 Government-industry cooperative mechnisms Power steering Government supply resources Entrepeneurs provide market sense Joint technology development Self-guiding interactive leverage

39 PRIVATIZATION PANACEA OR EUPHORIA? ORGANIZATIONAL FLEXIBILITY MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC FUNCTIONS SMALL GOVERNMENT - RHETORIC

40 BRITISH COLONIAL EXPERIENCE Negative attitudes towards science Need to de-colonize subtle values Practical short-term return We want the best!

41 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE IDEOLOGY Do not invest in S&T if one cannot excel in it Does not apply to S&T

42 S&T should be near apex of govt Counter divide and rule Convince other sectors S&T awareness in total population

43 Late starter advantage Environment friendly technology

44 Commonwealth universities Slower to evolve than the centre Civil service structure Does not facilitate universityindustry collaboration

45 REGIONAL CO-OPERATION Maturityi ns&tdevelopment Competitionf romwestern countries GlobalisationandIT

46 CONSTRAINTS Institutions - Development banks Asian Monetary Fund Enterprises - Asian MNEs

47 PROSPECTS Leap frog Internet as equaliser